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AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

CRUSTACEA

OF

NORWAY

WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES

BY

G. O. SARS

PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CRISTIANIA.

Vol I i

AMPHIPODA

CHRISTIANIA AND COPENHAGEN

ALB. CAMMERMEYERS FORLAG

PRINTING OFFICE OF MALLING
.893

AN ACCOUNT

OF THE

CRUSTACEA

OF

NORWAY

AN ACCOUNT

()[' THE

CRUSTACEA

OF

N O RW A Y

WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES

BY

G. O. SARS

PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHRISTIANIA

Vol I.

AMPHIPODA

(TEXT.)

CHRISTIANIA AND COPENHAGEN

ALB. CAMMERMKVKHS FORLAG

I.\RS S\VAN
,8 95

'RINTED I'.V M\U.IN<;sKK BOGTRYKKERI, CHRISTIANIA.

PREFACE.

In presenting to the scientific world the 1st Volume of the great
work on Norwegian Crustacea, which I have entered upon, I wish to make
the following observations about the plan of the work in general, and csp.Ti-
ally that of the present Volume.

The author, who during a long series of }^ears has been engaged bv
the government to make investigations about the sea-fisheries of Norway, and
for this purpose has made numerous journeys of research along the whole
Norwegian coast, from the Christianiafjord to Vadse, has therein- had an
unusually convenient opportunity for at the same time studying the rich
marine invertebrate fauna occurring along that extensive coast, and ha-
especially made himself familiar with the several groups of Crustacea, which
had long before been his special study. A very large amount of zoological
material has thus from time to time been brought together from many different
localities, and among this material have been found numerous interesting form<
new to science. Most of the new Crustacea have been briefly characterised
by the author in several papers, chiefly published in the Transactions of til--
Scientific Society of Christiania, and a few groups, for instance the J///>/rA, .
have also been more fully treated of in separate treatises. It has. however,
appeared to the author very desirable, that a full account of the rich card
nological fauna of Norway should be given, like that of the British Crustacea
long ago published by several distinguished carcilogists both because
faunistic works have on the whole shown themselves to be extremely useful,
and because the fauna of Norway, as is well known, belongs to l\vo distinct
zoological regions, the boreal and arctic, and thus exhibits characteristic differ-
ences from that of the British Isles. Indeed, the author has Ion- felt if as
a veritable duty, by entering upon a such work, to utilise his Ion- experienc
for the benefit of future carcinologists. But the great expenses connecte
the publication of such an extensive work in the usual manner, as |.ul>li<-aii
from the University, have hitherto prevented him from reali/ing his plan, and
it is only some few years since the idea struck him to get the uork pub

VI

in the mode here adopted. By reducing the expenses of publication as far
as possible, and inviting to a general subscription, I supposed indeed that the
publication of the work could be carried on by one of our publishing firms,
without any real pecuniary loss, and by this means I have now the satisfaction
of seeing the 1st Volume of my work accomplished. I cannot of course expect
to be enabled during the remainder of my life to bring to a conclusion
a work of such an extent as that now entered upon, comprising, as it does,
the whole rich carcinological fauna of Norway, but I venture to hope that
my health and working power will at least suffice for accomplishing a part
of this formidable work. If the volume now published should succeed in
gaining the interest of Norwegian and foreign zoologists, and the anticipation
entertained in beginning the work should thus be confirmed, it is my intention
immediately to enter upon the publication of the 2nd Volume, treating of the
next order, the Isopoda.

As to the Volume now accomplished, it has been wholly devoted to
the extensive order of the AiHphifioda. one of the most difficult of the Crus-
tacean groups. The chief earlier investigation of the Norwegian Amphipoda
is due to the late Dr. Axel Boeck, who at first published a brief account in
Latin, and subsequently began the elaboration of his well-known great work,
containing full descriptions of the species, and accompanied by numerous litho-
graphic plates. Unfortunately he himself only published a comparatively
small part of this work, the remainding, far greater part being published
after his lamented death by his brother, Dr. Hakon Boeck, who was not
originally a zoologist, but yet endeavoured to arrange the scattered, posthumous
manuscript notes and drawings for the completion of the work. Although
the great skill, with which this very difficult undertaking was accomplished,
deserves the highest admiration, it was of course unavoidable, that several grave
errors were incorporated in the work, which otherwise should have been
eliminated. As moreover, in order to get room on the plates for the numerous
figures, a most regrettable reduction in size of the original drawings was
effected, and some of the figures also wrongly numbered, several of the species
had in some cases become almost unrecognizable. For these reasons the
\\ ork of Boeck. though enriching the fauna with an immense number of new
and interesting forms, could not be used without the greatest precaution and
critical judgement, and rendered in fact the study of the Norwegian Amphipoda
extremely difficult and troublesome. Notwithstanding this, some parts of the
Amphipodous fauna were subsequently treated of in detail by Mr. Schneider,
and a most valuable account of the arctic species of the family Oediceridcp,
accompanied by some very good and sufficiently large detail-figures, has been
given by that distinguished zoologist. But otherwise the knowledge of the

Vll

Norwegian Amphipoda was still restricted to lim-ck's work, the use of which
was, as above stated, connected with veiy much difficulty. Under such
circumstances, I thought it right in the first instance to enter upon a total
revision of this order, hoping thereby to supply the above-mentioned wants
in Boeck's work. To this end, I have gone over the vast collection of Amphi-
poda made by Boeck, and especially most carefully examined the several tvp*-
specimens in the collection, whereby several difficult questions about the right
identification of the Boeckian species have been finally settled. \.-arlv all
the species described in the said work have been subsequently found by myself,
and in most cases examined in the living state, and numerous additional
species have been procured, increasing the number of Norwegian forms to
about 400 in all.

The aim of the present Volume is chiefly to facilitate the determina-
tion of the northern Amphipoda. This, I believe, may be best attained, not
only by giving good and concise diagnoses of the species, but especially by
supplying figures, true to nature, and of sufficient size and clearness, both <>f
the entire animal and of the most characteristic anatomical details. The lack of
good figures has indeed hitherto made the study of this interesting order of
Crustacea very difficult and, in many cases, has caused sad confusion in
the synonymy. Very great care has therefore been paid to the preparation
of the plates accompanying this Volume. They have been all drawn by the
author himself, by the authographic method applied by him very successfully
during a series of years, and the habitus-figures have, in nearly every case,
been copied from carefully executed, coloured drawings made by the author
from living specimens, thus showing the mode of pigmentation characteristic
to each species. In every generic type the structure of the oral part- has
been carefully examined, and figures of the same given on a greatly enlarged
scale, as the classification of the Amphipoda ought chiefly to be based upon
this character.

As to the systematical arrangement of the Amphipoda, I have only
made some few changes in the system adopted by Boeck. It is. however, inosl
probable, that a somewhat altered arrangement may be found conveniciii
in future, as some of the families are far from being wel

In the Appendix to the volume some additions and corrections
been given, and some new species described and figured.

During the elaboration of the work, I have had important

assistance in the excellent Report of the Challenger Amphipoda by the
Mr. Stebbing, the very complete and elaborated survey of the literature
in that^Report having especially been most invaluable to me.

I regret not having had an opportunity of consulting the recent 1

VIII

published work of Delle Valle on the Amphipoda of the gulf of Naples. It
is most likely that some interesting statements about the geographical distri-
bution of the northern species are to be drawn from this work.

For the exact identification and comparison of arctic species, I am
much indebted to Dr. Hansen, who with great liberality has sent me for
examination several of the type specimens originally examined by Kroyer, and
1 1 reserved in the Museum of Copenhagen, as also many other interesting arctic
forms described by himself.

I have also to thank the Rev. Mr. Stebbing, Mr. Walker, the llev.
Mr. Norman, Mr. Chevreux, Mr. Schneider, and several other distinguished
zoologists for kindly sending me Amphipoda for examination and determination.

My beat thanks are also due to the publisher for the readiness with
which he has untertaken the publication of such a large work, and for the
beautiful manner in which the present Volume has been mounted, both as
to type and paper.

October 1894.

G. 0. Bar*.

AMPHIPODA.

Terminology.

(See PI. I) 1 .

Divisions of Body:

C Cephalon ) .

\ Anterior Division.
Ms. Mesosome |

Mts Metasome \

\ Posterior Division.
Us. Urosome |

Appendages of Cephalon:

a 1 . Superior antennae (peduncle, flagellum, secondary appendage).

a*. Inferior antennae (basal joint (b), olfactory spine (ol), peduncle, ilagellum).

L. Anterior lip (buccal plate, epistome).

1. Posterior lip (lobes, lateral corners).

M. Mandibles (body (b), masticatory part, cutting

edge (c), molar expansion (in), palp (p)).
m 1 . First pair of maxilhe (basal part (b), basal

lobe (I 1 ), masticatory lobe (I 2 ), palp (p)).
m 2 . Second pair of maxilla? (basal part, inner and

outer lobes).
mp. Maxillipeds (basal part (b), baaal lobes (I 1 ),

masticatory lobes (I 2 ), palp (p)).

(Eyes. Rostrum, Lateral corners).

Appendages of Mesosome :

p 1 . First pair of legs, or anterior gnathopoda.
p 2 . Second pair of legs, or posterior gnathopoda.
p 3 p 7 . Third to seventh pairs of legs, or first to fifth pairs of pnvio|.oda.

Joints in all the legs:
1. coxal, 2. basal, 3. ischial, 4. meral, o. carpal, propodal. 7. terminal, or dactyltis.

Appendages to the legs:
br. branchial lamella, i. incubatory lamella.

I1K18S.

') The same lettering is used in all the jilatos to designate the corresponding part.-.

Appendages of Metasome:

pi 1 . pP. First to third pairs of pleopoda (basal part (b), rami (r)).
(ep 1 . ep 3 . First to third pairs of epirueral plates).

Appendages of Urosome:

up 1 . up 3 . First to third pairs of uropoda (basal part, rami).
t. Telson.

Female, <$ Male, c? jr. Young male, tf -j- nearly adult male.

Tribe 1.

HYPERIIDEA.

Body short and tumid, or very slender, with thin and pellucid integu-
ments. Cephalon generally large and tumid; mesosome more or less abbreviate!,
with the coxal plates small and subequal in size; metasome powerfully developed,
compressed, with large epimeral plates ; urosome depressed, with the 2 outer seg-
ments coalesced. Eyes generally enormously developed. Antennae often imper-
fect in female, superior ones without any secondary appendage (excepting the
genus Hyperiopsis). Oral parts of various structure; maxillipeds without palps,
basal lobes coalesced, masticatory lobes divergent, flap-shaped. Gnathopoda not
very strong, subsimilar in the two sexes. Pereiopoda of various structure, some-
times very dissimilar. Pleopoda powerfully developed. Uropoda more or less
laminar, outer ramus of last pair without any terminal joint. Telson simple. -
Parasitic on pelagic animals, especially Medusae.

Remarks. - - This is a rather anomalous division of the Amphipoda.
which by most authors has been placed at the close of the order. I think,
however, it will be more appropriate to follow Boeck in treating of the
present group at the head of the order, placing the typical Amphipoda
(Gammaridea) in the midst between this tribe and that of the Caprdlidea, the
latter constituting a far more distinctly degradated type.

Fam. 1. Hyperiidae.

Cephalon large and deep, almost globular. Eyes occupying the ent in-
lateral walls of the head, visual elements very numerous and elongated, radiat
ing from a central pigmentary mass. Both pairs of antenna' with distinctly
triarticulate peduncles, the inferior ones originating each t'nmi a large ami
immobile basal joint, nagellum of both pairs in female comparatively slmrt
and non-articulated, in male very slender and elongated, multiarticulate. Kpi-
stome not projecting. Anterior lip with a large bilobed bmval plate covering

6

the cutting edges of the mandibles. Posterior lip with the lobes subpedi-
cellated and wide apart. Mandibles rather powerful, with the cutting edge
finely denticulated, molar expansion more or less laminar, palp distinct, triarti-
culate and naked. First pair of maxillae without any basal lobe, masticatory
lobe densely hairy and having a few slender terminal spines, palp lamellar,
uniarticulate. Second pair of maxillae with both lobes densely hairy and ter-
minating in blunt points. Maxillipeds with the terminal lobes more or less
crescent-like. Gnathopoda imperfectly subchelate, os complexly chelate. Pereio-
poda generally not very dissimilar, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs
rather narrow. Incubatory lamella? without marginal seta?. Uropoda normal,
biramous, rami lanceolate, without spines, but with the edges finely serrated.
Telson triangular.

Remarks. - Besides the 4 genera treated of in the following pages
and belonging to the Norwegian fauna, Dr. Bovallius enumerates, in his
Systematical list of the Hyperiidea, 5 other exotic genera comprised in the
same family, viz., Iiriopi* Bovall., Tcmria Dana, Hyperidla Bo vail., TUcurixtella
Bovall., and Plironimopsis Glaus. Of the several characters distinguishing the
family, the structure of the antenna? in the 2 sexes may be named as the
most easily recognisable one. Moreover the form of the cephalon and the
structure of the oral parts, partly also that of the pereiopoda, "afford well
marked differences between this and the other Hyperidean families.

Gen 1. Hyperia, Latreille, 1825.
Syn: Lestrigonus, M Edwards = cf.

Cephalon much more deep than long, somewhat flattened in front, Meso-
some greatly inflated in the female, with the back evenly vaulted. Antenna?
in female very small, subequal. Mandibles with the molar expansion large
and finely fluted transversally, palp of moderate size, with the 2 outer joints
subequal in length. First pair of maxilla? with the pal}) not very expanded,
inner corner produced to a tooth-like projection. Maxillipeds with the ter-
minal lobes obtusely pointed, inner edge with small tufts of hair. Gnathopoda
scarcely chelate; carpal joint, however, more or less produced inferiorly,
especially in the posterior ones. Pereiopoda comparatively short and robust,
sul MM | mil in length. Uropoda rather broad, with the rami foliaceous. Telson
comparatively large.

Rew >/,*. This genus, which may be considered the type of the
family, comprises several species occurring in different parts of the Oceans.
Dr. liovallius enumerates 10 different species, two of which only belong to
the Norwegian fauna.

1 Hyperia galba (Mont).

(PI. 2; PL 3, fig. 1).

Cancer gammarus galba, Montagu, Linn. Transact. XI, p. 4, pi. ->, fig. 2.
Syii : Hyperia Latreilli, M. Edw.,

Lestrigonus exulans, Kniyer cf,
Hyperia medusarum, Boeck.

Body of female short and stout, with greatly dilated mesosomc. nf male
considerably more slender and having the metasome much larger than in
female. Eye-pigment very narrow reniform, reddish brown. < Jnathopoda
rather small and only sparingly bristle-beset, carpal joint in both pairs pm
duced, forming in the 2nd pair a narrow process reaching beyond tin- middle
of the propodal joint; the latter attenuated and finely serrated along the inner
edge; dactylns of both pairs rather slender and finely denticulated. Porein-
poda almost quite naked. Last pair of uropoda shorter than the urosome.
rather broad, especially in the male. Colour pale purplish yellow. Length
of female 14 mm, of male 12 mm. Maximum length of arctic specimens.
according to Bovallius, 20 mm.

Remarks. - In spite of the opinion supported by Dr. Bovallius, I
cannot but believe Hyperia Latreilli of M. Edwards to be identical with H.
yaTba Mont. The said author, it is true, enumerates some minor diU'erenees
between the two ; but none of them can in my opinion be regarded as strictly
specific in character. It may moreover be observed, that the figures he gives
of H. Latreilli are from a not yet fully adult male, whereas those of //. tjdlln
are from a quite adult specimen.

Occurrence. Rather common along the whole coast of Norway.
found parasitic on Anrdla, often several specimens, males, females and young
ones on each Medusa.

Distribution. Atlantic coasts of France and Britain, the Cattegal
the Baltic, Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, Novaja Semlja, Kara Sea
the Murman coast.

2 Hyperia medusarum, (Mailer).

(PI. 3, fig. 2).

Cancer medusarum, O. Fr. Mailer, Zool. dan. prodromus, 2355, p. 14S.
Syn: Hyperia spinipes, Boeck.

In general habitus very like the preceding species. Eye-pigmenl
however, somewhat larger and broader. Antennae very small in the ten, ale.
Gnathopoda considerably larger than in H. f,n7l>n and densely hirsute in their outei
part, carpal joint scarcely at all produced in the 1st pair, and hut very slightly

8

so in the 2nd, propodal joint in both pairs oval in form, scarcely serrate along
the inner edge, but all over densely spinous, dactylns very small. The 2
anterior pairs of pereiopoda having fascicles of short bristles along the
posterior edge. Urepoda almost exactly as in H. yalba. Colour dark purplish
brown from numerous pigmentary spots distributed over the whole body as
also on the limbs. Length of adult female 15 mm.

Jiruuirks. I think Dr. Bovallius is right in believing the form
described by Boeck under the name of Hyperia spinipes to lie most likely
identical witli the Cancer mcdnsarum of 0. Fr. Miiller, and hence the latter
specific denomination ought to be retained for the present form. Although
in its general habitus very like the preceding species, this form may at once
be distinguished, on closer examination, by the rather different form and
armature of the gnathopoda, a character which suggested the specific name
of spinipes proposed by Boeck.

Occurrence. West coast of Norway, found parasitic on Cyanea,
occasionally also on Awclia, but less frequently than the preceding species.

Distribution. - - Arctic Ocean: Greenland and Spitsbergen.

Gen. 2. Hyperoche, Bovallius, 1887.
Syn : Metoecus Kroyer, Tnnria Boeck.

Form of body about as in Hyperia, but with the cephalon somewhat
more regularly rounded. Inferior antennae in female much smaller than the
superior ones; both pairs in male greatly elongated. Mandibles with the
molar expansion narrow lanceolate and unarmed. First pair of maxillae
having the palp very broad and lamellar. Grnathopoda subsimilar, both
distinctly ch elate, the carpal joint being produced inferiorly to a compressed
knife-like process reaching to the end of, or beyond, the propodal joint, and having
the inner edge finely serrate; propodal joint narrow, attenuated, with the
inner edge serrate; dactylus rather short, The two anterior pairs of pereio-
poda having the carpal joint slightly expanded and compressed; posterior
pairs subequal. Uropoda and telson about as in Hyperia,

Remarks. - The generic name Metoecus of Kroyer having been em-
ployed in Zoology at an earlier date, Dr. Bovallius has proposed a new
generic denomination, viz., Hyperoclie. The same author has likewise shown
that the northern form cannot properly be referred to the genus Tanria of
Dana, as suggested by Boeck. The genus is easily recognised by the peculiar
structure of the gnathopoda. Otherwise it comes rather near to Hyperia,
though differing also somewhat in the structure of the oral parts. Dr. Bo-

9

vallius enumerates 5 species of the present genus; hut I regard tin- validity
of some of these species rather doubtful. Thus 1 believe that only a single
species is represented in the northern seas, instead of .'>. as surest e< I by
that author.

3. Hyperoche Kroyeri, Bovallius.

(PI. 4).

Metoecus mediisarnn/., Kroyer, Gronlands Ainphipoder. DaiiHke VM. Sdsk. Af'liamll.

VII, p. 2SH, pi. ;}, lig. 15.

Syn : Tdiirin abyssorum, Boeck.
Hi/perodtr Liltkeni, Bovall.

Body of female short and tumid, of male much more slender and
compressed. Cephalon rounded in front, eye-pigment triangular. Mesosome
with the back rather vaulted; metasome comparatively slender, with the
epimeral plates not very large in female. Griiathopoda almost naked, carpal
process of both pairs in female advancing beyond the propodal joint, in male
somewhat shorter and narrower. Carpal joint of the 2 anterior pairs ol
pereiopoda having the posterior edge sharpened and minutely denticulated,
terminating with a short triangular process; the 3 posterior pairs comparatively
short and almost quite naked, with the basal joint rather narrow. Last pair
of uropoda with the basal part about twice the length of the telson, in male
rather broader than in female. Colour of female light reddish brown, of male
more greyish, from numerous dark pigmentary spots. Usual length 50 mm.
Maximum length of arctic specimens 15 mm.

licnxirfo. I believe that Dr. Bovallius is right in rejecting the
specific name iHrdtwinini, applied to this species by Kroyer, since the form
designated by 0. Fabricius as 0>ii*cu* iwditxarttiu in all probability was
a true Hyperia and most likely the species described above as Ht/i>fri<i nic-
dnsantm. On the other hand I cannot coincide with that author in regarding
Kroyer's species distinct from Tauria altj^ornni of Boeck. Nor can 1 doubt that
Dr. Hansen is right in withdrawing the species established by the same
author under the name of Hyp&roche Lufkeni, as synonymous with the typical
species described by Kroyer.

Occurrence. I have met with this form both off the south and west-
coasts of Norway up to Lofoten, at times near the surface of the sea, at times
in greater depths, but always free, not parasitic. No doubt, however, that it
in reality leads a parasitic life on Medusae or some other pelagic animals, as
with the species of Hyperia.

Distribution. - Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Labrador, Spitsbergen, the

White Sea, the Siberian Polar Sea,

10

Gen. 3. ParathemistO, Boeck, 1870.

Body somewhat compressed, but with the back scarcely carinated.
Cephalon irregularly rounded; mesosome moderately vaulted; metasome well
developed, with large epimeral plates. Antennae in female subequal, more
elongated than in the preceding genera; in male about as in Hyperia.
Anterior lip with a large unequally bilobed buccal plate ; posterior lip with the
lobes densely ciliated, lateral corners produced. Mandibles rather strong,
cutting edge very broad and minutely denticulated, molar expansion rather
large, regularly serrate on the edge, palp with the middle joint very elongated.
First pair of maxillae with the palp rather expanded, inner edge denticulated
and terminating with a small tooth-like projection. Terminal lobes of the
maxillipeds acuminated and beset with scattered long setse. Grnathopoda
densely hirsute and rather dissimilar; 1st pair simple, with the carpal joint
rather broad and not produced inferiorly; 2nd pair subchelate, the carpal
joint being produced to a narrow process, which does not, however, reach the
end of the propodal joint; dactylus of both pairs rather elongated. The 2
anterior pairs of pereiopoda having the carpal joint only slightly dilated; the
3 posterior pairs very slender, subequal, with the carpal and propodal joints,
especially the latter, greatly elongated and almost naked. Ilropoda more
slender than in the preceding genera. Telson comparatively small.

Remarks. - - This genus, established by Boeck, is very nearly related
to the succeeding one, Eutliemisto, and ought perhaps to be combined with it.
The distinctive characters are chiefly the equal-sized antennae of the female, the
less powerful structure of the 2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda and the uniform
development of the 3 posterior ones. Besides the northern species described
below, the HIHHTUI- frir/ona of Dana would seem to belong to this genus, as also 2
new species described, the one by Bovallius, the other by the Rev. Stebbing.

4. Parathemisto oblivia, (Kroyer).

(PI 5, fig 1).

Hypcria oblivia, Kroyer, Gr0nlands Amphipoder, 1 c. p. 70, pi. 4, tig. 19.
Syn : Parathemisto abyssorum, Boeck.

Body moderately slender, with the 1st segment of the mesosome
much longer than the 2nd. Cephalon rather large, only slightly more deep than
long; eye-pigment oval, very dark. Superior antennae in female about as long
as the cephalon and the 1st segment of the mesosome combined, flagellum only
very slightly curved, about three times the length of the peduncle. Grnatho-
poda with the propodal joint about as long as the carpal one; carpal process
of 2nd pair very narrow, reaching beyond the middle of the propodal joint;

11

dactylus very slender. Carpal joint of the "2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda
oblong, with 34 slender setae on the posterior edge. Propodal joint of the
3 posterior pairs very slender, nearly as long as the 3 i.reeedino- joints cm

1 i> , |

bined; dactylus narrow and elongated. Last pair of uropoda with the basal
part about as long as the urosome, inner ramus slightly larger than 1 1n-
outer and about half the length of the basal part, Bod}- pellucid with dark-
purplish intestine and scattered pigmentary spots of same colour. Usual
length 10 mm. Maximum length of arctic specimens 17 mm.

Remarks. - - Although the description and figures given bv Krover of
his Hyper ia oblivia are rather incomplete, I cannot doubt that they refer in
the present species, which moreover is stated by Dr. Hansen to occur off the
coast of Greenland, whence Kroyer procured his specimens. .From ]'. trifjoiia
of Dana it would seem to differ, among other characters, bv the much more
slender and narrow form of the propodal joint of the 3 posterior pairs of
pereiopoda.

Occurrence. I have repeatedly taken this form in great number
on the west coast of Norway up to Finmark, and generally in great
depths, from 100 to 200 fathoms. A much smaller form, scarcely exceeding
5 mm in length but otherwise wholly agreeing with the typical species, I have
met with in less depth and occasionally even near the surface of the sea.
On the other hand specimens collected on the Norwegian North- Atlantic Ex-
pedition reach the considerable length of 17 mm. All the specimens were
taken either by the dredge or by a surface-net fixed to the dredge-rope.

Distribution. British Islands (Sp. Bate), south coast of Green

land (Kroyer, Hansen), several Stations of the Norwegian North-Atlantic Ex-
pedition from Lat. G3 to 71 (off Jan May en).

Gen. 4. EuthemistO, Bovallius, 1887.
Syn: Tliemisto, Gu^rin, 1828.

Body very slender and compressed, often distinctly carinated dorsally.
Cephalon irregularly rounded. Superior antennse in female shorter than the
inferior ones and having the nagellum more or less curved. <>ral parls
almost exactly as in Parathemisto. Gnathopoda likewise <!' a very similar
structure, but the carpal process of the 2nd pair generally larger, and the
dactylus shorter. The two anterior pairs of pereiopoda rather powerful, \\iih
the carpal joint greatly dilated, propodal joint slender and admitting ol liein--

12

Id-lit in against the former. Third pair of pereiopoda greatly produced and
generally much longer than the 2 succeeding pairs, having the carpal and
propodal joints very elongated and the latter often peculiarly denticulated,
whereas the meral joint is much abbreviated. Uropoda rather slender. Telson
small, triangular.

RciHdi-kx. As mentioned above, this genus is very nearly related
to the preceding one, scarcely differing except in the mutual longitudinal
relation of the pereiopoda and in the powerful structure of the 2 anterior pairs.
The usual known generic denomination, TJirmixto, has been changed by
Dr. Bovallins to Entlmuisto, because the former name was employed in
Zoology anterior to 1828. The genus is represented both in the antarctic
and arctic Oceans. Dr. Bovallius enumerates G species, one of which, however
E. Nordnixl-jitldi Bovall., has been withdrawn by Dr. Hansen as most probably
only founded on immature specimens of E. lilx'llula. (Mandt). No less than 3
different species belong to the Norwegian fauna.

5. Euthemisto compressa, (does).

(PI. 5, fig. 2).

Themisto compressa, Goes, 0fvers. af Kgl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. forhaudl 1865,

p. 533, pi. 41, fig 34.
Syn : '? Enthenmto bispinosa, Bovall., not Boeck.

Body moderately slender and highly compressed, back distinctly
carinated and forming on the posterior segments of the mesosome and the
anterior ones of the metasome sharp recurved processes. Cephalon, as seen
laterally, rounded triangular, more deep than long; eye-pigment of moderate size,
oval. Superior antennae in female about the length of the cephalon, nagellum
strongly curved and denticulated on the posterior edge. Posterior gnathopoda
with the carpal process almost reaching "the tip of the propodal joint, dactylus
scarcely more than half the length of the latter joint. Carpal joint of the
2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda regularly oval, broadest in the middle, with
rather short and unequal bristles on the posterior edge. Third pair of pereio-
poda only slightly exceeding in length the 2 succeding ones, basal joint not
expanded, propodal joint very slender and about the length of the 3 preceding
joints combined, anterior edge very minutely denticulated throughout and
provided at regular intervals with about 10 slender bristles; dactylus rather
elongate, unarmed. Posterior pair of uropoda nearly twice the length of the
urosome, outer ramns much shorter than inner. Body pellucid, with dark
inti-sline and scattered purplish pigmentary spots on the posterior division
of Ihc body. Usual length 12 mm. Maximum length of arctic specimens,
according to Bovallius, 30 mm. (?).

13

N.

llcmurlc*. Boeek lias referred tliis form to the genus r<irtlirinixl(i,
because in the figure given by does tlie 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda art-
represented as being of uniform length. In reality, however, Ihe.'Jd pair are,
at least in full-grown specimens, distinctly longer than the ~2 succeeding
ones, although the difference in this species is not nearly so great as in the
2 succeeding species. Moreover the powerful structure of the ~2 anterior
pairs of pereiopoda, as also the mutual length of the antenna', shows this t'orm
to be a true Eiifhrwixfo. As to the form named by Dr. IJovallins /'. hixjiiin^u
Boeck, at least the habitus-figure given would seem more proper! \ to relate
to the present than to Boeck's species.

Occurrence. - - Off the coast of Norway I have only observed this
form in a single locality, viz., at Hasvig in west Finmark. It occurred
here rather sparingly in deep water together with Parathemisto nfilirin.

Distribution. - Arctic Ocean: Davis strait, east coast of Greenland.
Jan Mayen at Stat. 225 of the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition.

(3. Euthemisto libellula, (Mandt).

(PI. 6, fig. 1).

ruN HMlnla, Mandt, Observaliones in Historiam natnralem et Anatoniiain
comparatam in itinere gr0nlandico fuotre, p. 32.
Syn: Tlicmisto arctlca, Kr0yer.

Body very slender, with the back rounded, not carinated. (Vphalon
scarcely more deep than long, obliquely rounded in front; eye-pigment rather
large, obliquely oval. Superior antennae with the nagellum scarcely curved.
Gnathopoda having the propodal joint shorter than the carpal one, carpal
process of the 2nd pair nearly reaching the tip of the propodal joint, dactylus
very small. Carpal joint of the 2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda broadly ovate,
slightly expanded towards the extremity and provided, on the posterior edge.
with a regular series of rather elongated setae. Third pair of pereiopoda very
elongated, basal joint expanded, with the -anterior edge bulging out on 1 1n-
middle and provided with short bristles, propodal joint about the length of
the carpal, anterior edge with a regular series of rather strong setae placed
at regular intervals and increasing in length towards the extremity, .niter
part of the edge densely spinulous, dactylus slightly tlexuous, with a dense
tuft of fine spinules at the base. Urosome very slender, about half the
length of the metasome. Uropoda likewise very slender, rami of the la<1 pair
subequal in length. Body densely ornamented with dark purplish pigmentary

spots, intestine dark bluish. Length of adult specimens 45 mm. Maximum
length of arctic specimens, according to Bovallins, 60 mm.

Urinal'/,-*. This gigantic species is easily distinguished from the
two other northern forms by the rounded, not carinated, back, the very slender
urosome, and by the dactyli of the pereiopoda, especially those of the 3d
I air, being densely spinulous at the base. In all these points the form named
by Bovallius E. Nordenskjoldi agrees with the present species, from which it
ran hardly be specifically distinguished.

Occurrence. - - Occasionally this form may be found in large shoals at the
north and east coast of Finmark, swimming near the surface of the sea; but
generally only young specimens are met with. The figure here given is from
a specimen procured on the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean, widely distributed: Greenland, Spits-
bergen, Jan Mayeu, Novaja Semlja, Siberian Polar Sea, numerous stations
of the Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition, both in deep water and at the
surface of the sea,

7. Euthemisto bispinosa, (Boeck).

(PI. 6, fig. 2).
Themisto bispinosa, Boeok, Crust. Amphip. borealia et arctica, p. 8.

Body rather slender, with the back carinated, the 2 last segments of
the mesosome forming distinct retrovergent dorsal processes. Cephalon nearly
twice as deep as long, obtusely truncated in front ; eye-pigment rather narrow,
almost crescent-like. Superior antennae scarcely longer than the cephalon,
fiagellum minutely denticulated on the posterior edge and having the extremity
distinctly curved. Posterior gnathopoda with the carpal process not nearly
reaching the tip of the propodal joint; dactylus comparatively small. Carpal
joint of the 2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda irregularly ovate, somewhat
tapering in the outer part and fringed with comparatively short and unequal
bristles. Third pair of pereiopoda exceedingly elongate and slender, basal
joint less expanded than in E. UMlnJa, propodal joint very narrow, much
longer than the carpal joint and quite straight, anterior edge with only a
few small setfP in the middle, outer part regularly pectinate, the spinules
gradually increasing in length towards the tip of the joint; dactylus very
small and unarmed. Last pair of uropoda about twiee the length of the
urosome, outer ramus much smaller than inner. Telson rather small. Body
pellucid, with dark purplish intestine, and ornamented with scattered stellate
pigmentary spots, especially on the posterior division. Length of adult

15

specimens 15 mm. Maximum length of arctic specimens, according to U
25 mm.

Eemarte. In some characteristics, e. g., in the carinated Lack ami
the structure of the antennae, this species shows a perplexing resemblance to
E. compressa (Goes), and on this account the two species would seem to have
been confounded both by Boeck and Bovallius. On closer examination, t In-
present species is, however, easily distinguished by the exceedingly elon-alr
and slender form of the 3rd pair of pereiopoda, and more especially by the
peculiar armature of the propodal joint of these legs. It may be observed
that this character is also quite distinct in very young specimens, whereas
in these the dorsal processes are very inconspicuous or nearly quite obsolete.

Occurrence. - Of this form I have taken a few adult and several
young specimens at Sorvaer and Hasvig in west Finmark, together with
E. compressa and Parathemisto oblivia.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen (?); off Nova
Scotia (Stebbing).

Fam. 2. Lycaeidae.

Cephalon large, subglobular, canaliculated interiorly. Eyes enormous,
occupying the entire lateral walls of the head. Antennae originating t'n>m tlie
inferior side of the cephalon, very dissimilar; 1st pair rather small, with short
uniarticulated peduncle (in female), flagellum rather dissimilar in the two sexes;
2nd pair imperfectly developed in female, very large in male and folded up
beneath the cephalon. Oral parts more or less imperfectly developed, (inatlm
poda simple, or complexly subchelate, The 3 posterior pair of pereiopoda
with the basal joint more or less expanded, last pair generally very small.
Incubatory lamellae without marginal setae. Pleopoda very powerful. Uropoda
normal. Telson triangular.

Remarks. This family is synonymous with the family Tr//j>//<i i//<l<>
of Boeck and Bovallius. I have, however, seen fit to change the name,
because, according to the rules of Zoology, the denomination of a family
ought to be derived from the genus first established, and as the genus Li/i-<m
of Dana undoubtedly belong to the same family as the genus Tr///>//n im of
Boeck, the family must of course be named after the former genus, which
is by far the older one. According to the restrictions of Mr. Bovallius, the
family comprises, besides the 2 above mentioned genera, 5 others, vi/...

1(1

x Sp. Bate, Thammux Bo vail., Paralyccea Glaus, Pseudolyccea Glaus
and Simorhynchiis Glaus. The family is mainly represented in the tropical
part of the Oceans, the genus Tryplwua being the only northern representative.

Gen. 5. Tryphsena, Boeck, 1870.

Body comparatively short and stout, with rounded, not carinated back.
Cephalon much deeper than the body, slightly produced in front, inferior side
deeply canaliculated. Mesosome more or less abbreviated, metasome greatly
developed, urosome comparatively short and depressed. First pair of antennae
originating from the inferior side of the head in front, and admitting of being
reflexed within the deep ventral furrow; flagellum triarticulate, 1st joint in
female rather short, in male globularly expanded and bearing a dense tuft
of sensory hairs at the posterior edge, 2nd joint linear with a few sensory
appendages near the tip, in male rather narrow and produced interiorly to a
spiniform process, last joint in both sexes narrow styliform. Second pair of
antennae fixed, at a great distance from the 1st pair, to the infero-lateral
corners of the cephalon; in female very small and immobile, triarticulate, 2nd
joint laminar, terminal one minute, scale-like; in male very large, peduncle
4-articulate, the 2 outer joints slender and angularly bent, flagellum very
narrow filiform, indistinctly articulate and likewise angularly bent. Anterior
lip triangular, with a very short, slightly emarginated buccal plate; posterior
lip wanting. Mandibles without any molar expansion, palp naked, Inarticulate
(in female). Both pairs of maxilla forming simple narrow plates without any
armature. Maxillipeds large, operculif orm ; terminal lobes short and broad,
crescent-like, unarmed. Griiathopoda small, not chelate; 1st pair with the
basal joint very large, lamellar, dactylus spiniform, immobile; 2nd pair rather
slender, dactylus densely hairy and terminating with a kind of sensory
apparatus (?). Pereiopoda almost naked, 3rd pair the largest, last pair very
small. Uropoda comparatively short, with broadly loticeolate rami. Telson
large, triangular.

Remarks. - Owing to the generally very imperfect investigation of
Hyper ids by Dana and earlier authors, Boeck has failed to recognise the
near relationship of his genus Tryphmia to the genus Li/cn-a of Dana. In
fact, the only essential difference between the two would seem to consist in
a slightly different structure of the gnathopoda, and hence I thought it right,
in tlie 1st part of my 0versigt af Norges Crustaceer, to refer Boeck's
species to the said genus. Meanwhile Dr. Bovalius has recently maintained
Ilie distinctness of Boeek's genus, though referring the genus Li/Cffti to the

17

same family, and as that author has made the Hyperids his special stndv,
1 do not feel at present entitled to dissent from his opinion on tin's
point. In the restricted sense in which the genus is taken by Uovallius, it
only contains a single species, for the T. X(-<l< iivkjilldi is quite certainly not
specifically distinct.

H. Tryphaena Malmi, Boeck.

fPl. 7).
^Trt/phrnta Malmi, Boerk, Crust. Ainphip. borealia et arctira, p. '.i.

Syn : T. Nordenskjoldi, Bovnll. = ^f.
T. Boccl-i, Stebhing -- <^.

Cephalon about half the length of the mesosome. front in female
obtusely rounded, in male angularly produced; ocular pigment rounded oval
in male somewhat narrowed dorsally. Mesosome not very tumid, nearly as
long as the metasome. First pair of antennae with the 2nd joint of the
fiagellum in female linear compressed and about the length of the peduncle and
1st joint of the tiagellum combined, obliquely truncated at the extremity and
bearing 4 sensory appendages; in male much narrower and ciliated on the
posterior edge, the spiniform process about as long as the terminal joint, the
latter in both sexes scarcely longer than the sensory appendages. Anterior
gnathopoda with the basal joint about as long as the remainder part of the
leg, propodal joint compressed oval, bearing a short spine on either edge.
and produced at the tip, beneath the dactylus. to a short tooth-like proce<-
Posterior gnathopoda more slender than the anterior ones, outer part very
hairy, propodal joint narrow and as long as the dactylus. All the perem
poda, saving the last pair, having the propodal joint produced at the tip
beneath the dactylus to a short tooth-like process; 3rd pair about as long-
as the mesosome. Basal joint of the 2 posterior pairs of pereiopoda con-
siderably more expanded in male than in female. Urosome about as long as
the last segment of the metasome, rami of the uropoda snbequal. Tols.m in
male somewhat larger than in female, slightly exceeding the basal part of
the last pair of uropoda, Colour more or less reddish, speckled with small
purplish pigmentary spots. Length of adult female f> mm, of male <i nun.

Jlntutrfo. The habitus-figure of the female given by Boeck in hi<
work on the Scandinavian Amphipoda is very had and misshaped, and this
may have been the cause why Dr. Bovallius could not recognise the specimen
examined by him as the male of T. Malmi. True, the sexual differences in
this form are rather striking, not only as regards the structure of the antenna-,
but also in several other points; but on a closer comparative examination of
both sexes, their specific identity cannot be misunderstood. The form described

18

by the llev. Stebbing from the Challenger Expedition as T. Borcki does not
seem to differ in any essential manner from male specimens of the present
species.

Occtirrci/cc. 1 have found this interesting- form in three different
localities on the west coast of Norway, viz., at Folgero and Sunde in
Sondhordland, and in the Foldeiifjord at Apelvser. In all 3 places it was
procured by the dredge from comparatively great depths, SO 200 fins. Boeck
collected his specimens likewise at a considerable depth in the outer part of
the Hardangerfjord, at Lyngholmen.

I)ifril>titi<m. - Off the Faero Islands at Lat. (Jo N. (Bovallius); North
Atlantic, at Lat. IS 11 8' N. (Stebbing).

Fam. 3. Scinidae.

Cephalon small, not tumeficated. Eyes very minute. Superior antemuv
rather large, straight, styliform, divergent, similar in the two sexes; inferior
antennae in female quite rudimentary, in male very slender and angularly
bent. Mandibles without palps. Maxillae well developed. Maxillipeds with
lanceolate terminal lobes. Grnatnopoda simple, not subehelate. Pereiopoda
very slender, the 3 posterior pairs rather unequal, with narrow basal joints,
last pair the smallest. Metasome in female not very powerful, epimeral
plates small. Urosome depressed. Uropoda imperfectly developed, more or
less sword-shaped. Telson very minute.

Ilfntr/,-. This is a very anomalous group of Hyperids, differing
from the typical forms in many respects, among others by the very small
eyes and the less powerful development of the metasome. The structure of
the oral parts and of the urosome is, however, evidently Hyperidean in
character. The family comprises as yet but a single genus.

Gen. (). Scina, Prestandrea, 1833.

.Syn: Ti/ro, M. Ed\\\, 1840.
('/>/<]niti<t, Dana, 1852.

Body in female rather tumid, attenuated posteriorly. Cephalon trunc-
ated in front, scarcely deeper than the body. Me.-nsome rather large, with
broad vaulted back, metasome compressed. Eyes located at the infero-lateral

19

corners of the cephalon in projecting tuberculiform prominences, visual elements
normal, very few in number. Superior antenme consisting of a short and
thick, uniarticnlate peduncle and a large styliform, Inarticulate nagellum. the
terminal joint of which is very small. Inferior antenme in female Inarticulate,
originating from a large basal joint completely anchylosed with tlie eephalon,
proximal joint very small, distal one thread-like; in male rather elongated,
with distinctly 4-articnlate peduncle and filiform multiartieulate thi'-vlluni

v A.

Anterior lip very small, without any bueeal plate; epistome slightly projecting,
carinated. Posterior lip wanting. Mandibles with the mastieat>rv part
simple laminar, without any armature. First pair of maxilhe with the basal
lobe distinctly developed though nearly bare, masticatory lobe \vithont spines
but divided at the tip in a few acuminated projections, palp lamellar, uni-
articulate. Second pair of maxilla* with both lobes acuminated and strongly
intlexed, without seta 21 but finely hairy, the exterior provided with a short
lateral tooth. Maxillipeds with the basal part rather small, the terminal
lobes very thin, foliaceous and exserted to a narrow point. Ghiathopoda
slender, snbequal, densely hairy in the outer part. Pereiopoda very slendei
and nearly naked; 3rd pair the longest and generally angularly bent, basal
joint very elongated and having the one or both edges strongly serrate, pro-
podal joint and dactylns very small. Last pair much smaller than the rest.
The 2 segments of the urosome very sharply denned. Last pair of uropoda
with a short lateral ramus exteriorly, the others simple, with the peduncle
not denned. Telson extremely small.

Hew ark*. - - Dr. Bovallius has been the first to call attention to the fact,
that the genus Cli/donia of Dana is in all probability identical with the genus
Tyro established by Milne Edwards at a much earlier date, and hence has
proposed to restore the latter name as the elder one for the genus and to
name the family accordingly Ti/ronidn: instead at' ('///</<>i/i /'</. -\> recently
shown by the Rev. Stebbing there is, however, a still older name, which of
course ought to be preferred to that of M. Edwards, viz the denomination
Scina, proposed by Prestandrea as early as 1833 for a form, which evidently
is congeneric with that described by Milne Edwards, and accordingly the
name of the family must be changes to tich)idc: r lV genus comprises
according to Dr. Bovallius, no less than 10 different specie, distributed in
different parts of the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Mediterranean. In the
northern Ocean it is only represented by a single species occurring on the
coast of Norway.

20
9. Scina borealis, (T. 0. Sars.

(PL 8).
Clyrlonia borcaliv, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Xorges Crnstaceer I, p. 75, pi. 3 fig. 1-

Cephalon more deep than long, with a pair of small tiiberculifbrm pro-
jections just above the insertions of the superior antennae. The latter about
half as long as the body, excepting the urosome; proximal joint of the
fiagellum serrated at both edges, more minutely at the superior one, its basal
portion somewhat more incrassated in the male than in the female and
densely hairy. Inferior antennae in male about as long as the body, last
joint of the peduncle very elongated, fiagellum 5 (5-articulate. Propodal joint
of 1st pair of gnathopoda shorter than the carpal joint, that of 2nd pair
about as long as the latter. Third pair of pereiopoda longer than the 4th;
basal joint serrated on both edges and jutting out at the end as an acumi-
nated process overhanging the ischial joint, propodal joint about half as long
as the carpal one. Last pair of pereiopoda scarcely half as long as the
penultimate one, basal joint about the length of the remainder part of the
leg. First pair of uropoda strongly denticulated on the inner edge,
exterior ramus both in this and the succeeding pair obsolete, that of the last
pair about as long as the basal portion. Telson acutely triangular. Body
very pellucid, with light red intestine and oral region, and with scattered
reddish pigmentary spots on the posterior division. Length S mm.

Rewiirl-x. - The species established by Dr. Bovallius under the name
of Ti/ro Clansi is very nearly related to, if not identical with, the present
species, only differing by the 3rd pair of pereiopoda being somewhat shorter
and by the poor development of the propodal joint of these legs. In all
other respects, and especially in the structure of the urosome, with its several
appendages, it agrees exactly with the northern form.

Occttrrrnce. I first detected this interesting Hyperid many years
ago at Lofoten. It occurred here only at very great depths from 200 to
300 fs. Subsequently I have met with this form also in two other localities
on our coast, viz., in the outer part of the Drontheimsfjord at Bejan, and in
the Christianiafjord at Hanko. Here also it was only procured from com-
paratively great depths (100150 fs.) by the aid of the dredge or a fine
hand-net rixed to the dredge rope at a short distance from the dredge.

Tribe 2.

GAMMAEIDEA,

rks. This tribe comprises the ordinary or typical Amphipoda
and constitutes by far the greater part of that order. Of course it must In-
divided into numerous subordinate groups, whicli however, do not bear exact I v
the same systematical relation to each other. Owing to the latter circumstance,
some of the later authors, for instance Boeck, only admit a verv restricted
number of true families, whereas some of the latter, and especially 1 lie family
(.htninidr'ulf?, have been again divided into numerous sub-families. . As there,
however, is far from being full concord among the authors about the limits
of the several families and sub-families established, I think it will be at
present more suitable to avoid such a complicated classification and to restrict
ourselves to a subdivision of the tribe into a number of families only,
remembering, however, that some of these families are rather nearly related.
while others are more sharply denned.

Fam. ). Orchestiidae.

Body now rather tumid, now more or less compressed, with the met a
some and urosome comparatively short and stout. (Y>xal plates rather large,
the 4th pair not emarginated posteriorly, f>th pair deeply bilobed. (Vphaloii
truncated anteriorly and having the buccal mass greatly projecting interiorly.
Eyes comparatively small and situated near the dorsal face of the ccphahm.
Superior antenna generally very much shorter than the inferior and without
any accessory appendage. Inferior antenme more or less pediform, peduncle
rather elongated and having its basal joint coalesced with the cephalmi.
Anterior lip large, rounded; epistome applanated. Posterior lip membranous,
with projecting lateral corners. Mandibles without palps, very powerful, cutting
edge divided into two superposed lamella 1 which arc strongly denticulated on the
edges, molar expansion large and thick; between both a series of curved setae.

4 - Crustiu-o:i.

22

First pair of maxilla- with the palp obsolete, or nearly so, masticatory lobe
\\-t.-ll developed and furnished at the tip with several strong denticulated spines,
kisal lobe very narrow, with '2 short and densely ciliated curved seta? at the
tip. Second pair of maxillae with the lobes rather broad and densely seti-
ferous on the inner edge. Maxillipeds having the masticatory lobes very small
and rounded, basal lobes much larger and armed at the tip with short teeth
and bristles; palp rather large, with the joints coinplanated and short hairy
at the edges. Gnathopoda of various structure in the several genera, 2nd
pair more generally very different in the two sexes. Pereiopoda rather strong,
edged with tufts of short spines, the 3 posterior pairs successively increasing
in length and having the basal joint broad and laminar. Branchial lamella?
generally very small and vesicular in form. Pleopoda poorly developed. The
2 first pairs of uropoda strong, with both rami, as also the basal part, den-
ticulated; last pair very small, with only a single minute ramus. Telson
short and thick.

I!< ii/arJis. - This is a rather distinct family, which even by Milne-Ed-
wards and other authors has been elevated to the rank of a tribe (Saltatoria).
It comprises a number of Grammaridea, which more or less have adapted
themselves to a terrestrial life and in accordance therewith exhibit some
particular characters not found in other Amphipoda. Moreover their mode of
progression, when out of water, is very peculiar and is effected by quick leaps
or abrupt hops. Besides the o genera described below and belonging to
the Norwegian fauna, two other exotic genera have been established, viz,
Orchestoidea Nicolet and Tallorchcytia Dana, both of which seem to be nearest
related to the genus

Gen 1. TalltrUS, Latreille, 1802.

Body less compressed, with broadly rounded back. First pair of coxal
plates smaller than the 2nd, 5th pair rather large, regularly bilobed. Superior
antennae very small, much shorter than the peduncle of the inferior; the latter
elongated, subpediform, much stronger in male than in female, the 2 basal
joints more or less completely coalesced with the cephalon; no olfactory spine.
First pair of maxilla? with only a slight rudiment of a palp. Maxillipeds
with the palp rather short and broad, terminal joint, or dactylus, quite wanting.
Anterior gnathopoda simple, not subeheliform, somewhat stronger in male,
earpal join) elongated and linear in form. Posterior gnathopoda in both sexes
of similar structure, rather feelilr and almost bare, terminating with an imper-
fectly ehelit'onn hand, the daetvlns being quite rudimentary. Braneliial lamella 3

23

very small. Incubatory lamella- likewise small, lanceolate, with only few marginal
setae. Telson rather broad, rounded at the tip.

Remark*. The present genus is ehietly dislin.n-iiisli.-d from ()>-flirxt'ni
liy the anterior gnathopoda being simple, not subclieliform, and the posterior
ones being exactly alike in the two sexes; moreover Ity tin- less compressed
form of the body. It comprises only a tew species, llie validitv of \vhich
would moreover seem to be rathe]- doubtful.

1. Talitrus locusta (Pallas).

(Tl. 9).

i? locnxta, Pallas, Spocil. Zool. fase. 9, tab. -1, !!-. 7.
Syn : Tdlitrits srtltntor (Mont.), Kd'.v.

liody comparatively short and robust, with the cnxal plates scarcely
as deep as the mesosome, 1st pair triangular, more or less covered bv 1lie -Jnd ;
5th pair nearly as deep as the preceding ones. (Vphahm rather deep. irans-
versely truncated in front, with the buccal mass greatlv projecting. K
comparatively small, rounded, with black pigment. Superior antennae scarcely
reaching beyond the penultimate joint of the peduncle of the inferior, lla^'ellum
much shorter than the peduncle, 7 8-articulate. Inferior antennae in female
about three times the length of the superior, with tin* last joint of the peduncle
as long as the two preceding ones combined, nagellnni about the length of llie
peduncle; in male much stronger, sometimes nearly as long as the whole body.
Anterior gnathopoda with the propodal joint scarcely more than halt' llie lenn'tli
of the carpal and slightly tapering distally. Pleopoda with the basal part about
the length of the rami and beset on the outer edge with slender spines. La-t
pair of uropoda with the ranius nearly as long as the basal ]art and bearing a
single slender spine at the tip and several short ones on the outer edge. Telsmi
nearly twice as broad as it is long, with bunches of small spines dorsally.
Colour, when alive, light greyish white, with dark bluish markings on t In-
back. Usual length of adult male 1(> mm; that of female soinewliat les.-

Eetmtrl-x. Although the description and tiguiv given by Pallas of

his Oiuscit* locuxta is very imperfect, there is all reason to believe, llial he
has had this form before himself and according to lln- rules of priority liis
.specific name htnvffi ought therefore to be preferred to thai of saltator proposed

by Montagu.

Ocrnrmtr<: I have met with this form rather plenty fully on tin-

sandy beaches of Lister, on the south coast of Norway, where it occurred
near the level of spring tide liighwatcr mark, beneath old sea weed.

24

lias collected it under similar conditions on the shores of Karmo, and
several specimens are preserved in our university Museum, brought home by
the late professor Kaseh, probably from the district of Christiansurid. It is a
very active animal, being enabled to jump away by very quick and abrupt
leaps, so that it is only to be caught with great difficulty.

Dixtfilniticm. - Atlantic coast of Europe: Denmark, Br'tish Islands.
France ; Mediterranean ; coast of Algiers (Chevreux) ; Azores (Barrois).

Gen. 2. Orchestia, Leach, 1814.

Body more slender and compressed than in Talitrus. First pair of
eoxal plates rather small; 5th pair almost as deep as the preceding and deeply
bilobed. Cephalon, antennse and oral parts almost exactly as in Talitrus.
Anterior gnathopoda small, subcheliform in both sexes, the propodos having
a distinctly defined palmar border. Posterior gnathopoda very dissimilar in
the two sexes, in female about as in Talitrus, in male very strongly developed,
terminating with a very large and powerful subcheliform hand. Pereiopoda
about as in Talitrus, but the last pair somewhat more elongated and often
peculiarly modified in the male. Branchial lamellae small. Incubatory lamella 3
of the same structure as in Talitrus, but considerably larger. Appendages
of metasome and urosome almost as in the latter genus.

Reiudrkx. This genus is chiefly distinguished from Tfilitru* by the
structure of the gnathopoda, the 1st pair of which, instead of being simple,
are subcheliform in both sexes, whereas the 2nd pair show a very unequal
development in the two sexes. The genus is widely distributed and comprises
numerous species, which in their habits closely resemble the Talitri, being
evidently terrestrial in character. In Norway only a single species has
hitherto been recorded.

2. Orchestia littorea, (Mont).

(PI. 10).

Cancer ( (i<innnix) Htlomtx, Montague, Linn. Trans. IX, p. 96, PI. 4, fig. 4.

Syn : Ta lit run trij>ii<U(t)is, Kroyer,
Orcliestia Euclwrc, F. Mtiller.

Body rather slender, with the back evenly rounded throughout, Oepha-
Inn scarcely longer than the 1st segment of the mesosome. First pair of
'<>\al plates triangular, much smaller than the 2nd and partly covered
I'y the same; f>1h pair having the anterior lobe somewhat larger than the

rea-

25

posterior. Eyes irregulary rounded, black. Superior antenna* scarcely
ching beyond the penultimate joint of the peduncle of the interior, flagelluin
7 8-articulate. Inferior antennas about l k as long as the bodv, somewhat stron-
ger in male than in female. Anterior gnathopoda having the propodosslmrter
than the carpus, in female oblong quadrangular, with the palm transversely

'

truncated, in male dilated at the tip, with the palm rounded. Posterior
gnathopoda in male having the propodos very large, oval, dilated distallv.
palm transversely arcuate and defined below by an obtuse projection. Lasl
pair of pereiopoda in male with the meral and carpal joints great Iv diluted,
the former triangular, the latter rounded quadrangular. Pleopoda with the
basal part much longer than the rami and quite bare. Last pair of uropoda
with the ramus very small and narrow, scarcely half as long as the basal
part. Telson about as long as it is broad, very slightly emarginated at tin-
tip. Colour of female uniform greenish, of male yellowish with brown trans-
versal bands. Length of female 15 mm., of male 17 mm.

Remarks. Boeck has identified this species with the (hiixcti* <im-
iinirfJJiffi of Pallas and accordingly named the species Orrln^fin <i<innii<n-i-lln.-<.
As there, however, are several nearly related species of the present ^-enus.
and it is impossible from the imperfect description and figure given bv Pallas
to decide with certainty, what species he has observed, I think it will be
best to retain the specific name proposed by Montagu. The present species
may be best known from the related forms by the structure of the posterior
gnathopoda in the male, partly also by the peculiar development of the last
pair of pereiopoda of the same.

OccuYYence. This is one of our most common Amphipoda, occurring
in considerable numbers along the shores of the whole south and west coasl
of Norway, at least up to the Trondhjemsfjord. It is met with, as the
Talitri, beneath old sea-weed at high water mark, and moves about in a
quite similar hopping manner. While, however, the Talitri seem to be
confined to sandy beaches, this form may very often also be collected on
the rocky shores, and in the crevices between stones, hiding itself with
great dexterity within the muddy deposit when disturbed.

Dixtrilmt'um. Denmark, the Baltic, Belgium, British Islands, France,
Mediterranean, the Black Sea (Czerniavsky), coasl of Algiers Chevreux),
Madeira (Morelet), Azores (Barrois).

den. 3. Hyale, Rathke, 1*37.
Syn : AUnri-hestes, Dana = <j<,
Nicca, Nicolet = Q.

Body greatly compressed, but with the back rounded. The 4 anterior
pairs of coxal plates rather deep and subequale in size, the 3 posterior ones
much lower. Superior antennae longer than the peduncle of the inferior, the
latter somewhat stronger in male than in female. Oral parts on the whole
rather similar in structure to those in the 2 preceding genera, saving that the
1st pair of maxillae has a distinct though very small and narrow palp, and
that the palp of the maxillipeds consists of the normal number of joints.
Both pairs of gnathopoda subcheliform, in female nearly subequal, in male
very unequal, the posterior ones being much stronger and terminating with a very
large and powerful hand. Branchial lamellae of normal structure, though
rather small. Incubatory lamellae very large and broad, with the edges
densely ciliated. Pleopoda somewhat larger than in the 2 preceding genera
and having the natatory setae plumose. Uropoda about as in Orchestia.
Telson small, unarmed, cleft to the base.

Jim/ark*. It is evident that Boeek was right in uniting the two
genera Allorchestes Dana and Nicca Xicolet, as only founded on sexual cha-
racters, and likewise in stating both to be merely synonymous to the genus
]{;i<il<' of Rathke. In several characters this genus would seem to form a
connecting link between the Saltatoria and Natantia of earlier authors,
and the species are also in their habits not so evidently terrestrial as those
belonging to the 2 previously mentioned genera. The genus comprises numerous
species occurring, it would seem, in all parts of the world. Two distinct
species belong to the Norwegian fauna.

3. Hyale Nilssoni, i Rathke).
(Pi 11, fig i).

Ampliitlinc Nilssoni, liathke, Acta Acad. Lcop. T. XX, p. 264.

Syn: Atitjihitline PrrroKti, Kathke,

OrcJicstifi iiitlroH/DiK/x, Kroyer.

Segments of body not very sharply demarcated from each other, the
back being quite evenly vaulted. Cephalon longer than the 1st segment of
the mesosome, lateral corners slightly projecting between the bases of the
antenna?. First pair of coxal plates scarcely smaller than the 3 succeeding
ones, the latter somewhat deeper than the body and rounded inferioiiy, f>th
pair much lower than the preceding ones, anterior lobe much the larger.

-21

Fyes small, circular. Superior antenna- in female nearly as I'm- as 1 1n-
inferior, flagellum longer tlian the peduncle, (i-articnlate; in male onlv slightlv
reacliing beyond the peduncle of the latter. Posterior gnathopoda in female
a little larger than the anterior, propodos of both pairs about as h>ng as tin-
J preceding joints combined, elongated quadrangular, palm transversely 1 runeat cd
and defined below by an almost right angle. Anterior gnathopoda in niah-
having the propodos somewhat broader ilian in female, with the palm evenly
curved; posterior ones very largely developed, propodns oval, scarcely
tapering, palm obliquely arcuate and defined l>elo\v by an ohtuse project inn.
Propodal joint of the pereiopoda scarcely dilated, having tnl't- of small spines
on the inner edge, dactylus comparatively small. Last pair of uropoda with
the ramus scarcely more than half as long as the basal part and terminating
with a tuft of short spines. Telson about twice as In-oad as it is long. lohe-
nacked and angular in form. Colour greenish. Length of adult female <i 7
mm, of male 8 mm.

llcniarlcs. - As pointed out by the Rev. Mr. Stebbing, Boeck has errone-
ously confounded this and the following species. Tin- habitus-figure <d' tin-
female given by that author as also the figure of the -Jml gnathopoda of the
male, undoubtedly refer not to RathkeV species but to the form described
below as//", liiltljocli'unui. From that species the present form is easily known
by the different structure of the gnathopoda, as also by that of the terminal
part of the pereiopoda,

Occurrence. - - The present species would seem to occur along the whole
coast 'of Norway, from the Christianiafjord up to Vardo, where it has been
recently found by Mr. Schneider, curator of the Tromso Museum. I have myself
taken it in several places on our west coast, near ordinary tide-mark, between
sea-weed. It is very active and, when out of water, has a similar power of
making abrupt leaps as the Talitri and Orchestise.

Distribution. - -Atlantic coast of Europe: 15ohuslehn, Denmark, liritisli
Islands, France; Adriatic (Heller); Azores (Barrois

4. Hyale lubbockiana, iSp. P.ate

(PI. 11, liir. a).
Nicea lubbockiana, X\>. Bate, Cat. Aiuphip. lirit. Muse.nu. p. 51, 1M. VIII, fig.

Syii: J//n/v//r.s7r.s iuil>ri<-<thtx, Sp. I'.atc
ii Roock (].artv

Segments of body rather sharply demarcated from each other, giving the
back a subimbricated appearance. Integuments on the whole much firmerthan
in H. Nilssoni, the edges of the coxa! plates thickened and slightly crenulated.

28

Antemue somwhat more robust, but otherwise rather similar. Gmathopoda of
female having the propodos comparatively larger, much longer than the 2
preceding joints combined, oblong oval in form, with the palm very oblique
and less distinctly defined below ; 2nd pair in male with the propodos oblong
in form, distinctly tapering toward the tip. Pereiopoda very robust, edged
with scattered small spines, propodal joint, especially of the 3 posterior pairs,
considerably dilated and armed on the anterior edge below the middle with
2 unusually strong serrated spines, dactylus very powerful, falciform curvate.
Colour yellowish. Length of female 7 mm.

Eemarl*. This is evidently a well marked species, differing very
decidedly from the typical form by the peculiar imbricated appearance of the
body-segments and especially by the rather different structure of the legs.
The colour also is rather dissimilar.

Occurrence. - 1 have myself only met with a single female specimen
of this species, which was taken on the west coast of Norway. In our Uni
versity Museum are, however, 2 specimens, male and female, collected by
Boeck, the one on the shores of Karmo, the other at Farsund (south coast of
Norway). According to the Rev. Mr. Stebbing, this species is far less active
tli an H. XUxxnni, quite wanting the power of leaping, when out of water.

Distribution. British Islands, France, coast of Algiers (Chevrenx).

Fam. 2. Lysianassidae.

Body generally rather high, more or less compressed, glabrous, with
the back evenly vaulted. Coxal plates deep, 4th pair generally the largest
and deeply emarginated posteriorly to receive the rounded 5th pair. Meta-
some well developed, witli large epimeral plates. Urosome short and thick,
more or less convex above. Superior antennae furnished with an accessory
appendage, peduncle short and thick, flagellum more or less elongated, with
the 1st joint generally rather large ond beset with dense tufts of sensitive
hairs. Inferior antenna? more slender than the superior and having the basal
joints not coalesced with the cephalon, fiagellum in male often greatly elongated
and filiform. Epistomc generally projecting in front of the anterior lip; the
latter more or less produced anteriorly. Mandibles less strong than in
the Orchestiidse, cutting edge simple, not denticulated, molar expan-
sion rather small or quite wanting, palp large, triarticulate; between
the latter and the cutting edge a more or less distinct rounded ac-
cessory lobe. First pair of maxilla 1 with the palp generally well devel-

29

oped, Inarticulate, rarely quite rudimentary; 2nd pair with tin- lamella-
more or less elongated. Maxillipeds large, with the masticatory Lobes
generally largely developed and laminar, hasal lobes much smaller and close
together, palp elongated, 4-articnlate. Anterior gnathopoda more or less
prehensile, generally not very strong, hut sometimes Largely developed and
subehelate ; posterior ones always very feeble and slender, higlilv llexihle and
furnished with dense tufts of tactile hairs, dactylus as a rule quite rudimentary.
The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda successively increasing in length and
having the hasal joint laminar. Branchial lamelhe large, sometimes folded
transversally on the one or both sides. Incubatory lamelhe edged l>v slender
setap. Pleopoda rather powerful. Uropoda with the rami more or less Lanceo-
late, last pair well developed, biramous, generally unlike the preeeding j, : ,j rs
and having the outer ramus biarticulate. Telsou flattened, entire or more or
less deeply cleft,

Remark*. The Lysianassidse form a very natural subdivision of

the more typical Amphipoda, and in my opinion ought to be classed as a
family equally distinct as the OrchestiidtP. Boeck, however, did nol reg;ml
this group as merely a sub-family of the family (ifinnn<iri(^r. In the general
habitus the numerous forms comprised in this familv exhibit a rather uni-
form appearance, and it is not very long since they were all referred
to a single genus, Lysianassa. It is the merit of the late Dr. A. I>oeek. bv
a closer examination of the oral parts in the different forms, to have
pointed out certain distinctive characters apparently of generic value. By reason
of these characters he found himself able to subdivide the earlier genus LiiKi<nit<xxn
or Anony.r into a great number of separate new genera, and, although some of
the latter have not been sufficiently well characterised, the greater parl of
them must, in my opinion, evidently be supported. The family would seem
to be chiefly characteristic to northern latitudes, and in the arctic seas some
of the species occur in quite an astonishing abundance, having a great im-
portance in cleansing the bottom by devouring the carcasses of the several
great mammals, such as whales and seals, which are found there.

Gen. 1. TrischizOStoma, Boeck, ISI',0.

Body moderately compressed, with the back broadly rounded. < Vpha-
lon produced anteriorly over the base of the superior antenna', lateral angles

not projecting. Second pair of coxal plates much large)' than tl ther and

greatly dilated interiorly. Epimeral plates ofmetas e large, rounded. Kyes

very large, occupying the greater part of the sides of the cephalon. Superior

5 Crustacea,

30

antenna? shorter than the inferior, accessory appendage well developed, with
the 1st joint laminar. Oral parts greatly projecting inferiority and crowded
together in the form of a trifid tube. Epistome not projecting. Anterior lip
very elongated and narrow; posterior lip with the lobes acutely lanceolate.
Mandibles with the masticatory part styliform produced, cutting edge very
narrow, sharpened and obliquely truncated, molar expansion quite wanting,
accessory lobe inconspicuous, palp very large and densely setons. First pair
of maxillae with the masticatory lobe very narrow and divided at the tip
into small claw-like teeth, basal lobe small, unarmed, palp very minute, but
distinctly biarticulate. Second pair of maxillae with both lobes very
narrow, styliform. Maxillipeds rather large, masticatory lobes lingniform,
projecting inferioiiy and partly encompassing the other oral parts at the sides,
basal lobes very narrow, unarmed, palp genicnlate on the middle, with the
terminal joint lanceolate. Anterior gnathopoda enormously developed, prehensile,
terminating with a very large subchelate hand, which in the adult animal
becomes inverted in such manner, that the dactylus originates from the infero-
posterior corner of the propodos and is bent forwards against the strongly
denticulated palm. Posterior gnathopoda quite of the structure typical to
the Lysianassidae. Pereiopoda not very large, the joints more or less compressed
and only beset with very minute and scattered spines. Branchial lamellae
very large and of irregular form. Incubatory lamellae rather broad and
fringed with numerous slender setae. Pleopoda very powerful. Uropoda with
the rami broadly lanceolate and almost bare, last pair with the outer ramns
biarticulate. Telson small, entire.

Rrmurl-*. - In classing this remarkable form, I have seen n't to dissent
widely from the views supported by earlier authors. Boeck regards this ani-
mal as the type of a distinct family (Prostomatae), which he places at the
head of his division (rdiniiniriiifi, immediately before the OrcJirxfiidfr, and
Dr. Uovallius has classed it, together with the genera Synopia Dana and
Zfy/wr/oyWx G-. 0. Sars, within a distinct tribe, Synopidea, constituting, however,
within the latter, a particular family, Trischizostomatidce. Finally Prof. Lillje-
bnrg considers it the type of a subfamily, Trischisoztomathia, placing it in the
vicinity of his sub-family Plioxma, Although Boeck has mentioned some points
of agreement with the Lyssianassidae, none of these authors would seem
to have recognised the near relationship, which in fact exists between this
iniiiial and the true Lysianassidae. The agreement is indeed so very close,
tlmt the present form, in my judgement, unquestionably ought to be classed
within the very same family. The oral parts have not yet been exactly
examined in their details, neither by Boeck, nor by Dr. Bovallius. Though
;i1 lirst sight very anomalous, they art- found, on a closer examination to be

31

in reality constructed upon the very same type as in the true Lysianassidae,

and in some of the latter, for instance Acn/o^/nnm (see PI. U, tin-. _> ,],,.
agreement is quite unmistakable. As to the anomalous appearance of the

anterior gnathopoda, Dr. Bovallius has shown this to be merely due to a
peculiar torsion of the outer part of the leg-, whereby tin- hand becomes quite
inverted in the adult animal, whereas in the young these liml.s rxliil.it a tar
more normal appearance, nearly agreeing with that met with in the genus
Normnnu. (see PL 13, fig. 1). On the other hand the post, .rim' -nathopoda
are indistinguishable, both as to form and structure, from those in the tvpical
Lysianassidse. Finally the urosome, which in Boeck's opinion, is evidently
Hyperiidean in character, essentially differs by being divided [ n to .". distinct
segments and by the last pair of uropoda having a distinct terminal joint, as
is the case in the greater part of the typical Gammaridea. Moreover, the.
whole exterior habitus and the structure of both the antenna' and the lee-s

a

pretty well agrees with that met with in the Lysianassida-. no essential
difference whatever being found to exist,

1. Trischizostoma Raschi, (Boeck).

(PI. 12).
Trischizostoma Raschi, Boeck, Crust. Amphip. bor, & arct. p. Ji.

Body glabrous, moderately slender, with the back evenly vaulted
Cephalon rather short, narrowed interiorly, frontal projection liori/.ontal,
obtuse at the tip. Coxal plates scarcely as deep as the liodv. 1st pair very
small and partly covered by the 2nd; the latter greatly expanded inferior! v.
jutting out both anteriorly and posteriorly as a triangular loin-; the two
succeeding pairs almost equal-sized, obliquely oval, 4th pair truncated at tin-
tip and deeply emarginated posteriorly to receive the f>th one, the posterior
lobe of which is much deeper than the anterior; the '2 posterior pairs rather
small. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome nearly right-angled. Kir.-t
segment of urosome deeply impressed at the base dorsal ly. Kyes successively
expanding superiorly, nearly confluent, though separated ly a narrow stripe
above in the middle. Superior antenme a little longer than tin- eephalon.
1st joint of the peduncle much longer than the other - eomliiin-d. llagellnm
it-articulate, with the 1st joint very large, accessory appendage alioiit the
length of the latter, triartieulate, the '2 outer joints very small. Inferior
antennae twice the length of the superior, penultimate joint of the peduncle
the largest, fiagellum composed of about '24 articulal ions. Anterior gnatho-
poda with the propodos greatly inflated, rounded triangular, forming anteriorly

32

a distinct angle, palm nearly straight and armed with recurved teeth, those at
the extremity much stronger and claw-like; dactylus very strong, curved at
the tip. Posterior gnathopoda very slender, propodal joint oval and densely
hairy, dactylus veiy small and rudimentary. Meral joint of the 2 anterior
pairs of pereiopoda, especially that of the 2nd pair, laniinaiiy dilated. The
3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda comparatively short, successively increasing
in length, basal joint laminar, and forming in the anterior ones an angular
projection posteriorly. Uropoda only sligtly decreasing in size posteriorly,
rami subequal. Telson rounded, almost as broad as it is long, tip obtusely
truncated. Colour 1 ) whitish, with a more or less distinct light reddish tinge
on the sides of the body. Length of the largest specimen examined 28 mm.

Remarks. This is the only, as yet, known species of the genus.

All the specimens, which have hitherto been examined, were females, some of
which had their incubatory pouch filled with eggs or young. In the latter,
as stated above, the anterior gnathopoda have not yet assumed their peculiar
torsion and of course exhibit an appearance rather different from that of the
adult animal (see fig. p 1 jr.)

Occurrence. The present remarkable form was first detected by the
late Prof. Rasch on the Storeggen-bank, outside of the west coast of Norway,
from a depth of about 100 fathoms. The specimens were obtained by sub-
merging in the dredge the skinned body of a newly shot bird to which they
were found clinging. It has subsequently been taken by Mr. Storm, curator of
the Drontheim Museum, from the skin of the common black dog-fish (Spinax niycr),
fished in the neighbourhood of the town. Finally Dr. Bovallius procured a
few specimens at Tjoto in Nordland and in the Hardarigerfjord. No doubt
the species leads, as a rule, a parasitic life, and this may easily explain the
peculiar formation of the anterior gnathopoda and oral parts. Out of Norway
this form has not yet been recorded.

G-en. 2. Normania, Boeck, 1870.

Body comparatively short and stout, with the coxal plates not very
deep. Cephalon of normal appearance. Eyes with the visual elements unu-
sually large. Antennae comparatively slender but not very elongated. Epi-
stome applanated, not defined from the anterior lip. Mandibles of the usual
structure, palp originating nearer the base than does the small molar expan-
sion, vory slender and almost bare, saving a few terminal seta 3 . First pair
of inaxilhr with the palp well developed, last joint laminar expanded, basal
loin- comparatively sliorl. witli 2 small apical seta\ Second pair of maxilla*

According i<> a cuimininir;i<i<>n from Mr. Storm.

33

with the lobes rather narrow, setous at the tip only. Maxillipeds smaller
than usual, masticatory lobes largely developed, laminar, broadly rounded at
the extremity, basal lobes narrowly produced, palp rather small, by far nut
reaching to the tip of the masticatory lobes, terminal joint obsolete. An
terior gnathopoda rather strong, prehensil, terminating with a powerful and
greatly inflated subcheliform hand ', posterior ones very slender, propodal joint
oblong, slightly produced at the end beneath the rudimentary dactylus, so
as forming an inperfect minute chela. Pefeiopoda extremely slender, the
penultimate pair the longest, !>rancial lamellae indistinctly folded transver-
sely on the one side. Incubatory lamellae very narrow. Last pair of nropoda
rather elongated, both rami narrow lanceolate and nearly subeipial. Telsoii
very short, entire.

Reut/tr/,-*. The type of this genus is the form described by Sp.

Bate and Westwood under the name of ())>ix tj_r<lrinnn><i. which however
shows only a very remote affinity to the Kroyeriaii genus ()pis, wherefore
Boeck saw himself n't to establish for it a new genus under the above name.
Its distinctive characters are among others the peculiar structure of 1 1n-
anterior gnathopoda, which somewhat resembles that in the young of Tn'.^-lii-
zostoma, the imperfect development of the palp of the maxillipeds, and the
structure of the last pair of uropoda and of the telson.

2. Normania qvadrimana, (Sp. Bate & Westwood).

(PI. 13, fig. 1).
Opis qvadr/HHDia, Sp. Bute and West-wood, British Sessile-eyed Crust. Vol. II, p. 503.

Body somewhat compressed, with the back evenly vaulted. Cephalon
rather deep and nearly as long as the 2 anterior segments of the mesosome
combined, lateral corners only slightly projecting but distinctly angular. The
3 posterior segments of the mesosome much larger than the 4 anterior ones
Coxal plates scarcely deeper than the body, rounded interiorly; :>th pair con-
siderably lower than the preceding ones and almost twice as broad as deep.
Lateral corners of the 3rd pair of epimeral plates of the metasome evenly
rounded. First segment of urosome not produced dorsal ly. Kyes large, oval
in form. Superior antennae about the length of the cephalon and the :.' ante-
rior segments of the mesosome combined, 1st joint of the peduncle not twice
the length of the other 2 taken together, rlagellum composed of f> joints only,
accessory appendage very slender, triarticulate. Inferior antenna' in female)
about the length of the superior, tlagellum ^articulate. Anterior gnathopoda
with the basal joint very elongated, carpal joint constricted at the base and
forming inferiorly a narrow projecting lobe, propodos large and tumid, rounded

34

quadrate, palm transversely truncated and armed below with 3 strong spines.
The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda slender and elongate, basal joint broadly
oval, dactylus very slender. Last pair of uropoda considerably projecting
beyond the preceding one, basal part much longer than the rami. Telson
rounded quadrangular, truncated at the tip, a little longer than it is broad.
Body whitish, pellucid, with yellowish intestine and dark bluish ovaries, ocular
pigment brownish with orange-coloured coating. Length of adult female 5 mm.

llcHHirkx. The description and figures given by Boeck of this form
are rather incomplete and in some cases incorrect, probably owing to his
specimen being in a very bad state of preservation. It is the only, as yet,
known species of the genus.

Occurrence. Boeck obtained only a single mutilated specimen of
this small Lysianasside at Haugesund on the west coast of Norway. I have
myself found it in several places, both on the south and west coast, and
generally in rather deep water, especially where the bottom consists of
coarse sand and gravel. As the limbs are rather brittle, it is not easy to
obtain perfect specimens by the aid of the usual dredge.

Distribution,. British Islands.

Gen. 3. Cheirimedon, stebbing, isss.

Body high, compressed, with very large coxal plates. Antennae of
usual structure, subequal (in female). Epistome slightly projecting and defined
from the anterior lip by a short incision. Mandibles with the cutting edge
terminating exteriorly with an acute dentiform corner, palp originating at about
the same level as the molar expansion, less slender than in Normania, with
the last joint shorter, and furnished with a series of curved seta? on the inner
edge. First pair of maxillse with the pal]) less expanded and the basal lobe
somewhat larger. Lobes of 'Jnd pair of maxilla 3 shorter and broader. Maxil-
lipeds rather large, masticatory lobes of moderate size, basal ones normal,
palp well developed, with the terminal joint unguifonn. Anterior gna-
thopoda prehensile, terminating with a large complanated hand, succes-
sively expanded distally; posterior ones less slender than in Normania,
propodal joint oval and densely hirsute. Pereiopndn not very slender, basal
joint of the 3 posterior pairs very large, serrated posteriorly. Branchial la-
mella? of usual structure. Uropoda successively decreasing in size posteriorly,
last pair with the basal part rather short and thick, rami very unequal, the

35

outer one much the larger and having a distinct terminal joint. TVlsou lar-e.
tapering, and deeply cleft.

Eemark*. This genus, though in some points related to the

preceding one is very markedly distinguished by the rather dim-rent structure
of the anterior gnathopoda and of the maxillipeds, as also h v thai of the
last pair of uropoda and the telson. It was founded by the Rev. Mi-. Sl
on a species from the Challenger Expedition procured at

3. Cheirimedon latimanus, U. o Sars.

(PI. 13, fig. 2).
Normnnia latimctna, G. 0. Sars Ovorsigt af Norges Crustaoecr I, p. 83, pi. 3 fig. 3.

Body highly compressed, with the Lack evenly rounded. (V]ilial.m
having the lateral corners somewhat projecting and angular. Segments of
mesosome successively increasing in size posteriorly. Ooxal plates verv huge.
the 4 anterior pairs being more than twice as deep as the body; f>th pair about
as deep as it is broad. Epimeral plates of metasome likewise rather large, last
pair having the posterior corners rectangular. First segment of urosome pro
duced dorsal ly to a high compressed projection, obliquely truncated at the tip.
Eyes of moderate size, narrow oval. Superior antennae about the length of
the cephalon and the 3 anterior segments of the mesosome combined, 1st
joint of the peduncle more than three times the length of the other 2 com-
bined, flagellum about the length of the peduncle, 7-articnlate with the 1st
joint rather large, accessory appendage slender, triarticulatc. Inferior antenna?
(in female) about the length of the superior, flagellum 6-articulate. Anterior
gnathopoda with the carpus very small, triangular, propodos exceedingly
large and broad, occupying about the third part of the length of the leg.
triangular, gradually expanded towards the extremity, palm without any
crennlations, slightly arcuate and denned below by a rightangled corner armed
with 2 slender spines. Last pair of uropoda with the basal part shorter than
the telson, inner ramus conically tapering and quite bare, outer one having
at the end of the basal joint on each side a short spine. Telson almost
twice as long as broad, gradually tapering and cleft beyond the middle, with
2 small dorsal denticles on each side and a single one at the tip of each
terminal lobe. Length of adult female (! mm-.

Remarks. - - The present species was formerly referred by the author
to the genus Nonncnn'a. But a closer anatomical examination has shown it
to be in reality rather different, and evidently to belong to the genus
Cheirimedon, as characterised by the Kev. Mr. St ebbing.

36

Occuf fence. The only specimen met with, an adult ovigerous female,
was found many years ago hy the author at Bukken on the west coast of
Norway, the depth not recorded.

(!en. 4. Opisa, Boeck, 187(3.
Syn : Opis, Kroyer.

Body rather robust, with broadly rounded back and very large and
deep coxal plates. Antenna in female very short, the inferior ones of male,
however, greatly elongated and furnished at the anterior edge of the flagellum
with a regular series of calceolse. Epistome not very projecting and defined
from the anterior lip by a slight sinus. Mandibles of the usual structure,
palp originating nearer to the base than does the molar expansion, rather
slender, 2nd joint densely setiferous on the inner edge. Maxillae about as in
Normania, Maxillipeds witli the palp normal but comparatively short, only
slightly reaching beyond the masticatory lobes; the latter rather large, oblong,
angular at the tip, inner edge denticulated. Anterior gnathopoda prehensile,
terminating with a very large forcipated hand, the inferior angle of the pro-
podos being produced to an unguiform process, against which the greatly
curved dactylns admits of being impinged. Posterior gnathopoda of the usual
slender form, propodal joint oval, truncated at the tip. Pereiopoda not very
elongated, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs greatly dilated. Branchial
lamellae normal. Last pair of uropoda reaching beyond the preceding pair,
rami densely setous at the inner edge. Telson very elongated and deeply cleft.

Remarl;s. - - The generic name Opis proposed by Kroyer having been
employed in Zoology at an earlier date, Boeck has seen fit to make the above
slight change by adding the feminine termination. The genus is chiefly
distinguished by the peculiar forcipate character of the anterior gnathopoda.
It only comprises as yet a single species ; for the several forms referred by
other authors to this genus have turned out to be in fact generically distinct.

4. Opisa Eshcrichti, (Kroyer).

(PI. 14, fig. 1).

Opis Eschrichti, Kroyer, Natnrh. Tidsskr. 1 ser. V. 4, p. 149.
Syn: Opt* /t//>i<-<t, Kroyer.

Body glabrous, rather thick, with evenly vaulted back. Cephalon
rather short, with the. lateral corners somewhat projecting and narrowly
rounded. First pair of coxal plates much smaller than the 2nd and partly.

37

covered by the latter; 4th pair deeply emarginated posteriorly and about
twice as deep as the body; 5th pair scarcely broader than it is dee]). Last
pair of epimeral plates of metasome rounded at the posterior corners. First
segment of nrosome deeply impressed at the base dorsallv. Kves ralh.-r
large, oblong, pigment dark brown. Superior antennae scarcely more than
twice the length of the cephalon, 1st joint of the peduncle very large and
tumid, flagellum about the length of the peduncle, 8-artieulate, witli the 1st
joint very large, especially in the male; accessory appendage rather elongated,
5-articulate. Inferior antennae, in female scarcely longer than the superior,
in male nearly as long as the body. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos
nearly globular expanded, the thumb-like process sharply acuminated. Poste-
rior gnathopoda with the propodos about half as long as the earpns and
slightly dilated distally. Basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda
very large, rounded oval and nearly as long as the remaining part of the
legs. Last pair of uropoda with the rami much longer than the basal part,
outer one the longer and having a distinct terminal joint. Telson about three
times longer than it is broad, scarcely tapering and cleft nearly to the base,
each lobe having a terminal and 2 dorsal denticles, dolour whitish with dark
brown intestine shining through the integuments. Length 7 8 mm.

Piemarl's. As mentioned above, this is the only species of the

e-enus as vet known. It has been well described by Kroyer in the Journal

O \J / t/

above cited and was figured by the same author in the well known richly
illustrated work by Graimard.

Occurrence. On the coast of Norway I have only met with this

form, in a single locality, viz., in the Varangerfjord at Vadso, Finmark, where
2 specimens, male and female, were found at a depth of about 100 fathoms.
Dr. (Iocs and Malmgren have taken it in another locality, viz., at Grotosnnd
in Nordland.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Greenland, in several places; Iceland.

Gen. 5. Acidostoma, Lilljeborg, 1865.

Body very short and robust, with the coxa! plates large and deep.
Superior antenna- rather different in the two sexes, haying in male the peduncle
greatly inflated and the 1st joint of the flagellum laminarly dilated and densely
beset with long cilia; accessory appendage in both sexes unusually large.
nearly as long as the nagellum. Inferior antenna <|uitc similar in the two
sexes, rather slender. Oral parts greatly projecting interiorly and on the
whole constructed upon a similar type as in Trischixostoma. Kpislom.- applan-

G Crustacea.

38

ated and not defined from the anterior lip ; the latter narrow and elongated.
Mandibles with the masticatory part rather produced and without any trace
of a molar expansion ; palp slender and almost bare except at the tip. First
pair of maxillse with only a very slight rudiment of a palp, masticatory lobe
narrowly produced and divided at the extremity into small unguiform teeth,
basal lobe rather small and narrow. Second pair of maxillse with both lobes
styliform produced. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobes very large and
laminar, palp rather slender but scarcely reaching beyond the latter, terminal
joint rudimentary, knob-like. Anterior gnathopoda rather robust but scarcely
subcheliform, propodos tapering, without any distinctly difined palmar edge.
Posterior gnathopoda slender, with the propodos narrow oblong and densely
hirsute. The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda unusually robust, with both the
basal and meral joints greatly expanded. Branchial lamella? normal. Last
pair of uropoda extremely small, penultimate pair having the basal part very
broad. Telson short and broad, scale-like, more or less incised posteriorly.
Remark*. This genus has been established by Prof. Lilljeborg

chiefly on account of the anomalous structure of the oral parts, which would
seem to point to a semi-parasitic life. In fact the present genus shows in
the latter respect an unmistakable accordance with the remarkable parasitic
form, Trisclusostoma, described above, though differing in most other points
very decidedly. Another rather anomalous feature consists in the sexual
difference being here chiefly pronounced in the structure of the superior an-
tennae and not, as usual, in that of the inferior ones.

5. Acidostoma obesum, (Sp. Bate),

(PI. 14, fig. 2).
Anonyx olestifs, Sp. Bate, Cat. Amphip. Crust. Brit, Mus. p. 74, PI. XII, fig. 1.

Body thick and robust, with broadly rounded back. Cephalon com-
paratively short, with the lateral corners but slightly projecting and rounded.
The 4 anterior pairs of coxal plates very large, more than twice the depth of
the body; 4th pair deeply emarginated posteriorly and forming, below the
emargination, an acute angle; 5th pair fully as deep as broad. Last pair of
epimeral plates of metasome narrowly rounded posteriorly, First segment of
urosome slightly impressed at the base dorsally. Eyes rather small, rounded,
placed near the lateral corners of the cephalon, pigment light brownish. Superior
antennae in female with the 2 outer joints of the peduncle much narrower
than the 1st and combined about half its length, flagellum about the length
if the peduncle, 7-articulate, 1st joint comparatively short and scarcely

39

broader than the succeeding ones, accessory appendage only very little
shorter than the flagellum, 5-articulate ; those of male much more mas-
sive, peduncle greatly swollen, with the 2 outer joints nearly as broad
as the basal one, 1st joint of the flagellum very large and eompbi
nated, with the inferior edge arched and densely beset willi delicate and
slender sensitive hairs. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos about as
long at the carpus, dactylus rather short. The 3 posterior perei<>| ( <ida
nearly uniform in length, or the penultimate one a little longer, basal joint
very large, rounded quadrangular, meral joint, especially in the '2 anterior
pairs, greatly dilated. Penultimate pair of uropoda with the ba.-al part mneli
broader than that of the preceding pair and forming at the end posteriorly
an angular corner; last pair scarcely half as long as the preeeding pair, rami
lanceolate, unarmed, the outer one the longer. Telson almost as broad as long.
rounded, and cleft beyond the middle, Colour pale orange with light red
pigmentary bands across the segments. Length 5 mm.

Remarks. - The form described by the author from the North Atlantic
Expedition as Aciflostouia l.aticome is the male of a nearly related species,
which differs, in addition to its much larger size, in the total want of eyes and
in a somewhat different form of the last pair of uropoda and of the telson.
A female specimen of the same species, measuring 11 mm in length, was also
obtained on the Expedition, but was wrongly referred to the typical form.
On the coast of Norway this abyssal species has not yet been found; for the
specimen named so in my 0versigt af Norges Crustaceer I find on closer
examination to be more properly referable to the typical species.

Occurrence. - I have met with the present form rather sparingly on
the south and west coast of Norway at moderate depths, from 20 to f>l)
fathoms. Prof. Lilljeborg has taken it at Molde and Boeck at Haugesundj
finally Dr. Liiidstrom has procured the species at Farsund.

Distribution. - Coast of Bohuslehn, British Islands, Shetland.

Gen. 6. Ichnopus, Costa, 1853.

Body rather slender and compressed, with the coxal plates of moderate
size. Both pairs of antennae with the fiagella unusually elongated and com-
posed of numerous short articulations. Anterior lip slightly projecting anteriorly
as a short rounded lobe, defined from the epistome by a narrow incision.
Posterior lip strongly chitinised, with very slender and projecting
corners. Mandibles rather strong, cutting edge broad, accessory Lobe narrowly
rounded and separated from the latter only by a small sinus, palp originating

40

at the same level as the molar expansion, rather large, terminal joint tapering'
to a narrow incurved point. First pair of maxillae with the masticatory
lobe rather large, densely hairy- and armed both at the tip and the inner
edge with strong denticulated spines, basal lobe small, palp normal. Second
pair of maxillae with the lobes rather narrow. Maxillipeds well developed,
masticatory lobes very large and broadly rounded at the tip, palp attenuated,
with the terminal joint comparatively short. Anterior gnathopoda rather
small and attenuated, scarcely subcheliform, propodos tapering, without any
distinctly defined palmar edge, dactylus short and curved, pectinate at the
base. Posterior gnathopoda much longer than the anterior, propodos not pro-
duced at the tip. The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda successively increasing
in length, last pair rather elongated. Branchial lamellae very large and com-
plicated, with a double series of small secondary lamellae arranged in a
bipinnated manner. Incubatory lamellae rather narrow but somewhat expanded
at the end. Last pair of uropoda rather large, rami lanceolate with the edges
denticulated and setous. Telson deeply cleft.

Remark*. - The present genus, established by Costa, is chiefly charac-
terised by the unusual length of the antenna! flagella, by the comparatively
small, not subcheliform, anterior gnathopoda, and by the very complicated
structure of the branchial lamellae. From the genus Lysianassa, which seems
to be its nearest ally, it, moreover, differs by the deeply incised telson. The
genus would seem on the whole to have a southern range. It comprises as
yet only 3 species, 2 of which, /. tannin Costa and /. a- f 'finis Heller, are
peculiar to the Mediterranean, whereas the 3rd species, /. spinicornis Boeck,
besides in the Mediterranean, is also found on the coast of Norway. Two
other species have been described an belongning to this genus; but the one,
I. mi unfit* Boeck, is only founded on young specimens of I. spinicornis, and
the other, I. nmbo>if/t* (jr. 0. Sars, has on closer examination been found not
to belong to the present genus.

6. Ichnopus splnicornis, (Boeck).

(PI. 15).

Ichnopus spinicornis, Boeck, Crust. Amphip. bor. & arct. p. 18.
Syn : Ichnopus minutus Boeck.
mlccnlatns. Heller.

Body rather elongated, with the back rounded. Cephalon comparatively
small and having the lateral corners somewhat projecting and angular.
Coxal plates successively increasing in size to the 4th pair, which do not

41

attain the double depth of the body and have th< j posterior corners drawn out
to an acute angle; 5th pair considerably broader than it is deep. First pair
of epimeral plates of the metasome produced anteriorly to a short tooth like
projection; last pair having the posterior angle drawn out to a short uptur-
ned point, above which there is a small sinus defining the latter from a convex
expansion of the posterior edge. Eyes reniform, much larger in male than in
female, pigment deep red. Superior antennae of female about l /a the length
of the body, in male considerably longer, 1st joint of the peduncle very thick
and masive jutting out at the end interiorly as a short spimforni projection.
the Mother joints very short; fiagellum furnished in both sexes on the posterior
edge with a somewhat alternating series of rather large calceolse, accessory
appendage very slender and composed of about 10 articulations. Inferior
antennas in female a little, in male considerably, longer than the superior,
fiagellum in both sexes furnished anteriorly with a row of similar calceolse as
on the latter. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos about as long as the
carpus but much narrower, dactylus evenly curved and armed at the base
with a dense bunch of delicate spinules. Posterior gnathopoda nearly twice
the length of the anterior, propodal joint oval, half as long as the carpal
joint and not at all produced at the tip. Last pair of pereiopoda almost twice
the length of the 3rd. hast pair of uropoda with the rami much longer than
the basal part, outer one the longer and having a distinct terminal joint.
Telson twice as long as broad, cleft beyond the middle, each lobe bearing a
small apical denticle. Colour light greenish, oral region and urosome partly
tinged with crimson. Length 17 mm.

PifniarJcs. - The present very handsome species is chiefly distinguished
by the peculiar supply on the antenna! nagella in both sexes of numerous
rather large colceolse, a character which usually is only particular to the
male sex. Moreover the spiniform projection of the first joint of the
superior antenna?, and the peculiar form of the 1st and last pair of epimeral
plates of the metasome afford good distinctive characters.

Occurrence. It has been found in several places on the west coast
of Norway: Manger, Stavangerfjord, Skudesnses, Bukken, Bejan, in moderate
depths, from 20 to 50 fathoms. Its most northern range seems to be the
Trondhj emsfj ord.

Distrilittioii. Adriatic (Heller), gulf of Marseilles (Marion).

42

Gen. 7. LyslanaSSa, Milne Edwards, 1830.

Body compressed, glabrous; with rather firm integuments and very
large coxal plates. Superior antennae having the 2 outer joints of the peduncle
more elongated than in most other forms; inferior ones in female scarcely
longer than the superior, in male greatly elongated. Anterior lip produced
anteriorly to a large linguiform plate defined from the epistome by a very
narrow fissure-like incision. Mandibles more elongated than in Ichnopus but
otherwise of a rather similar structure, palp very slender originating much
nearer the base than does the very small molar expansion. First pair of
maxillae with the masticatory lobe not hairy but armed at the tip with den-
sely crowded strong denticulated spines, basal lobe rather large, triangular,
without distinct apical seta?. 2nd pair with the inner lobe much broader than
the outer. Maxillipeds well developed, masticatory lobes of moderate size,
regularly oval, palp slender and elongated. Anterior gnathopoda comparatively
small, not subcheliform, propodos tapering, dactylus short and simple; poste-
rior ones about as in Ichnopus. Pereiopoda rather slender, the 3 posterior
pairs with very broad lamellar basal joints. Branchial lamella? indistinctly
folded transversely on the one face. Uropoda slender, successively dimin-
ishing in size posteriorly, last pair with the rami narrow lanceolate, naked
in female, densely setiferous in male. Telson small, squamiform, entire.

Remarks. - This is the genus at first established and may therefore
be regarded as the type of the family. It is easily known by the slender
compressed form of the body and the largely developed coxal plates. As
distinctive characters may, moreover, be named the structure of the anterior
gnathopoda and especially that of the telson. The genus would seem to have
an evident southern range and to comprise several species, some of which
however, may still be regarded as rather doubtful. Thus the arctic form
described by Dr. Groes as Lysianassa cyntlta and likewise by Boeck mentioned,
though with some doubt, as a Lysianassa, can certainly not be adduced to
this genus. Only a single species belongs to the Norwegian fauna; for the
form described by Boeck under the name of Lysianassa plnmosa is quite cer-
tainly the adult male of L. Costa.

7. Lysianassa Costae, (Milne Edwards).
(PI. is, fig- i.)

Costce, Milne Edwards, Ann. des Sci. Nat. T. XX, p. 365, PI. 10, fig. 17.
Syn : Lysianassa irtnmosa, Boeck = g .

Body rather slender and compressed, with the back narrowly rounded.
Cephalon comparatively narrow, lateral angles considerably produced and

4;;

acuminate. Coxal plates very large and close together, the inferior edges of
the 4 anterior pairs forming on each side an uninterrupted arch, 4th pair tin-
largest and nearly three times as deep as the body, deeply emarginated po-
steriorly, the lower part considerably dilated and forming posteriorly a sharp
corner; 5th pair about as dee]) as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome produced at the posterior coner to a sharp upturned liooklikc pro-
jection. Eyes large, broadly reniform, pigment dark purplish. Superior
antennae almost the length of the cephalon and the 2 anterior segments of
the mesosome combined, 1st joint of peduncle rather broad, with a row of small
delicately ciliated bristles on the posterior edge, the 2 succeeding joints con-
siderably narrower and combined about as long as the 1st; flagellum slender,
about the length of the peduncle, 12-articulate; accessory appendage very
small, triarticulate. Inferior antennae in female scarcely longer than the superior,
3rd joint of the peduncle unusually large, flagellum shorter than the peduncle ;
in male greatly elongated, exceeding the length of the body, flagellum yerv
narrow, filiform. Anterior gnathopoda unusually short, basal joint as long as
the whole remainder part of the leg, propodos narrow, tapering, a little longer
than the carpus. Pereiopoda densely setous, the setae in female simple, in
male plumose, carpal and propodal joint, as well as the dactylus, in all very
slender. Last pair of uropoda with the rami scarcely as long as the basal
part. Telson oval, unarmed, evenly rounded posteriorly. Colour pale
yellowish, with irregular orange shades on the 4 posterior pairs of coxal
plates and the posterior segments of the body. Length 12 mm.

Remarks. It appears to me somewhat doubtful whether the present
form is identical with the species so named by Milne Edwards. But as Sp.
Bate has identified the British form, which unquestionably is the same as
that here described, with Milne Edwards' species, I think the name proposed by
the latter author must be retained for the present form.

Occurrence. - The species would seem to have a similar distribution
on the coast of Norway as Iclmopus spiniconn*. having been met with only
o the west coast: at Christiansund, Sognefjord, Bukken, Mosterhavn, Hauge-
sund. It occurs in rather deep water, from 50 to 100 fathoms.

British Islands, France, Mediterranean.

(leu. K Socames, Boeck, 1870.

Body less compressed, with rather large coxal plates. Antennae aboul
as in Lysianassa, saving that the accessory appendage of the superior ones
is more developed. Oral parts very like those in the said genus, 1ml the

44

mandibular palp smaller, and the inner lobe of the 2nd pair of maxillae
narrower. Anterior gnathopoda, as in Lysianassa, simple, not snbcheliform ;
jtosterior ones with the propodal joint very short, more or less expanded
below the dactylns. Pereiopoda less slender, basal joint of the 3 posterior
pairs greatly dilated. Branchial lamellae with distinct, though somewhat irre-
gularly arranged, secondary lobes on the one face only. Last pair of uropoda
with the rami longer than the basal part, the outer one having a distinct
terminal joint. Telson rather large, tapering and deeply cleft,

lidiHirkx. The present genus, established by Boeck, is very nearly
related to Lysi<i*xa, both as to the oral parts and the other limbs. The
only character which more markedly distinguishes it, is the structure of
the telson, which is certainly very different from that in Lysianassa, and
for this reason I think it will be suitable to support the genus, the more
so, as there are several forms which pretty well agree with each other in the
latter character. Besides the species described below, the arctic form, Lyxi-
<i))ttxx<t bidenticulata Sp. Bate, unquestionably belongs to the same generic
type, and in all probability also L. Kroycri White from Van-IHemens Land.
Moreover, some of the species of Anonyx described by Heller from the Adriatic
would seem to be more properly referable to the present gHius.

8. Socarnes Vahli, (Kroyer).

(PI. 16, fig. 2).

Anonyx Vahli, Kroyer, Gronlands Amphipoder 1. c., p. 5.
Syn: Gammarus ngax, Given, not Phipps.

Body rather slender but somewhat thickish, with broadly rounded back.
Cephalon rather deep, with the lateral corners but slightly produced and
narrowly rounded. Coxal plates rather large but scarcely more than twice
the depth of the body and comparatively narrower than in Lysianassa; 5th
pair nearly as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome
broadly rounded or almost obtusely truncated at the posterior corners. Eyes
reniform, pigment black. Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle
about twice the length of the other 2 combined, tiagellum about as long as
the peduncle, 12-articulate, 1st joint rather small, accessory appendage half
the length of the flagellum, 7-articulate. Inferior antennae in female scarcely
longer than the superior, in male greatly elongated, exceeding in adult speci-
mens the length of the body. Epistome and anterior lip almost exactly as
in Lysianassa. Anterior gnathopoda with the basal joint shorter than the
remainder part of the leg, propodos about the length of the carpus, evenly

tapering- to the end. Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos scarcely half
the length of the carpus, roundly expanded below the dactvlns. Last pair
of uropoda with the inner ranms considerably shorter than the outer. Telson
about the length of the basal part of the last pair of uropoda, cleft beyond
the middle, the lobes narrowly rounded at the tip and cadi armed with a
small apical denticle. Body whitish, ornamented with closelv set pigmcnt-
ary spots of a beautiful crimson colour forming bro;id transversal b;m<ls
over the body and partly also down the coxal plates. Length 14 mm.

linnarl-ft. From the very nearly related arctic form, S. li<lnili<;tlttttix
(Sp. Bate), the present species is easily known, as well by the far inferior
size, and by the broadly rounded corners of the last pair of epimeral plates of
the metasome. According to the figures given by Hoek of his Sorririi'-* ovalis,
which is identical with the above named form, the posterior gnathopoda also
differ very markedly from those in the present species by the propndal joint
being produced to an angular corner beneath the tlactylus.

Occurrence. Off the coast of Norway this form is chiefly restricted

to the arctic region, occurring rather plentifully along the whole coast of Fin
mark at moderate depths. Occasionally, however, it is also met with on the
west coast, as far south as Haugesund (Boeck).

Distribution. - - Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, Iceland, Novaja
Semi] a, the Kara Sea.

Gen. 9. Ambasia, Boeck, 1870.

Body rather compressed, with large and deep coxal plates. Kyes
with the visual elements imperfectly developed. Antennae (in female) short
and stout, about of equal length, antepenultimate peduncular joint of the
inferior ones rather elongated, flagellum in both pairs only composed of a
very restricted number of articulations. Epistome projecting in front of the
anterior lip as a large angular plate. Posterior lip membranous, with the
lateral corners narrowly exserted. Mandibles rather strong, cutting >'dgc
broad, molar expansion very slight, almost obsolete; pal]) slender, originating
nearer the base than does the latter. First pair of maxilla- with the mastica-
tory lobe less strong than usual and having a rather limited number of spines,
basal lobe very small and rounded, palp well developed. Second pair of maxilhv
with the lobes nearly equal-sized and not very elongated. Maxillipeds with
the masticatory lobe very large, elliptical, palp poorly developed, only

7 Crustacea.

46

slightly reaching beyond the latter; terminal joint imperfectly developed,
knob-like. Anterior gnathopoda slender, propodos narrow, tapering, without
any distinctly defined palmar edge. Posterior gnathopoda of the usual struc-
ture, propodos oval, very slightly produced beneath the minute dactylus.
Pereiopoda comparatively short, dactylus very small, basal joint of the 3
posterior pairs large and laminar. Pleopoda normal. Last pair of uropoda
comparatively short, scarcely reaching beyond the preceding pair, inner ramus
much smaller than outer. Telson of moderate size, deeply cleft,

ItcwarliS. - The present genus agrees with the 3 preceding ones in
the structure of the anterior gnathopoda, but differs materially by the devia-
ting form of the epistome, as also in the structure of the oral parts. From
Li/x/(tiHi**a it is further distinguished by the deeply cleft telson, and from
both that and the other two genera by the poor development of the last pair
of uropoda, It may be that the 2 Mediterranean species, Anonyx S-mardce and
filicot')iis. described by Heller, belong to this genus, as suggested by Boeck,
but, on the other hand, I cannot coincide with the Rev. Mr. Stebbing in
referring to this genus the form he describes from the Challenger Expedition
as Anilxtxia hitfyricfnida. For the latter form would seem to differ very ma-
terially from the typical species in several characters usually regarded as of
generic value, for instance in the form of the telson and especially in the
very anomalous structure of the pleopoda,

'.. Ambasia Danielsseni, Boeck.

(PI. 17, fig. 1).
Ihniielsseiii, Boeck, Crust, amph. bov. iS: aretica, p. 17.

Body moderately slender, with the back evenly rounded. Cephalon
rather deep, lateral corners produced and almost rectangular. First pair of
''ixal plates much smaller than the succeeding ones and partially covered by
the same, the latter nearly three times deeper than the body; 4th pair con-
siderably dilated interiorly and exhibiting behind a sharp angular corner;
f>t li pair about as deep as broad. Third pair of epimeral plates of metasome
rounded posteriorly, with a very small upturned dentiform projection at the
inferior corners. First segment of nrosonie provided dorsally with a high
compressed triangular expansion. Kyes narrow, subsigmoid, occupying nearly
ilic entire bright ol' the crphalon, pigment a beautiful red. Superior antennae
\vith the 1st joint of the peduncle very large and bulging out anteriorly, the
succeeding ours extremely small; tlagrlluni composed of 7 joints, the 1st
of which is very large, nearly twice the length of the others combined;
accessory appendage scarcely exceeding the 1st joint of the flagellum,

47

5-articulate. Inferior antennae (in female) rather slender, Hagellmn short, about
as long as the penultimate joint of the peduncle, ;nnl composed of ."> joints,
Anterior gnathopoda having the basal joint slightly dilated and shorter lliau
the remaining part of the leg, propodos scarcely as long as the carpus,
daetylus very small. Posterior gnathopoda very slender, propodos about hall'
the length of the carpus. Last pair of uropoda with the outer rannis nearly
twice as large as the inner, the latter lanceolate, unarmed. Telson oval,
gradually tapering, cleft beyond the middle, the incision very narrow. Colour
dark purplish red from numerous pigmentary spots arranged in transversal
bands across the segments and continued down the coxa I plates ami legs,
Length 13 mm.

Remarks. Only female specimens have hitherto lieen observed.

There is, however, every reason to believe that the male would diller from
the female in a manner quite analogous to that observed in the genera
Lysianassa and Socarnes.

Occurrence. Although very rarely met with, this hcautit'iil Lvsia-
nassid would seem to occur along the whole coast af Norway. 1 have found
it in several places both on the south and west coast as far north as
Hammerfest in Finmark. It is found in depths varying from 40 to KM)
fathoms. Out of Norway it has not yet been recorded.

Gen. 10. Aristias, Boeck, 1870.

short and thick, with comparatively small coxa 1 plates. Superior
antenna? rather slender, peduncle narrower than usual. Inferior anienme in
female) shorter than the superior, with the antepenultimate joint of the
peduncle short and thick. Epistome scarcely projecting and denned from the
anterior lip by a small but distinct sinus. Posterior lip membranous.
short and blunt lateral corners. Mandibles strong, cutting edge ijiiilc -impl
molar expansion very narrow and prominent, acuminate at the lip, palp rather
elongated and attached at the same level as the latter. First pair i
with the masticatory lobe very broad and edged with numerous unequal
alternating spines, the basal lobe small and rounded, having f> thic
seta? on the inner edge; palp normal. Second pair of maxilla' with
widely diverging, the inner one very broad and sin .ugh
with numerous spiniform setse, the outer lobe much narro er and pointing
straight forwards. Maxillipeds comparatively small, masticatory lobe oval, palp

48

tapering, almost bare, and but slightly projecting beyond the latter, terminal
joint unguiform. Anterior gnathopoda rather robust, propodos tumid at the
base, obpyriform and finely serrated 011 the inferior edge, palmar border not
distinctly defined, dactylus short. Posterior gnathopoda very slender and
densely hirsute in the outer part, propodos narrow oblong, produced at the
tip beneath the rudimentary dactylus so as to form a minute chela. Pereio-
poda of nearly uniform size, rather strong, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs
not very much dilated. Uropoda with the rami lanceolate and partly serrated
on the edges, last pair slightly reaching beyond the preceding pair, outer
ramus the larger and having a distinct terminal joint. Telson comparatively
short, deeply cleft.

Remark*. - This is a very distinct genus, differing, as it does, espe-
cially in the structure of the oral parts, very decidedly from the other Lysia-
nassidse. Besides the 2 species described below, the Lysianassa ciliata of
Heller undoubtedly belongs to this genus, and probably also L. It inn His Costa.

10. Aristias audouinianus, (,Sp. Bate).

(PL 17, fig. 2).

Lysianassa audouiniana, Sp. Bate, Brit. Assoc. Eep. 1855.
Syn: Aristias tumidus, Boeck (not Kroyer).

Body short and robust, with broadly rounded back and sharply defined
segments. Cephalon very short, truncated in front, lateral corners almost
rectangular and slightly produced at the tip. First pair of coxal plates very
small and to a great extent covered by the succeeding pair; the latter only
little deeper than the body; 4th pair scarcely broader than 3rd and only
very slightly emarginated posteriorly, inferior part narrowly rounded; 5th
pair much more broad than deep. Last pair of epimeral plates of meta-
some narrowly rounded at the infero-posterior corners, posterior edge smooth.
Eyes rounded oval, placed near the lateral corners of the cephalon, pigment
black with a whitish coating. Superior antennas about the length of the
cephalon and the 3 anterior segments of the mesosome combined, 2nd joint
of the peduncle twice as large as the 3rd, and both together about half the
length of the 1st joint; nagellum only little longer than the peduncle, 10-
articulate, 1st joint rather large; accessory appendage half the length of the
fiagellum, 5-articulate. Inferior antennse having the flagellum about as long
as the peduncle and 9-articulate. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos
fully as long as the carpus, inferior edge finely serrated and, besides, armed
with 4 short spines. Posterior gnathopoda nearly twice as long as the
anterior and very slender, propodos about half the length of the carpus, both

49

densely setous on both edges. Pereiopoda rather elongated, basal joint of
the posterior pair shorter than the remainder part of the leg, meral joint but
slightly dilated posteriorly. Last pair of uropoda with the inner mums
distinctly serrated on the inner edge, outer ramus scarcely broader and but
little longer than the inner. Telson longer than it is broad, cleft beyond the
middle, the incision rather broad, terminal lobes narrow and armed each with
3 small apical spines. Colour corneous yellow with a tinge of tlesli-eolonr on
the mesosome, ovaries dark bluish. Length 8 mm.

Remarks. - - As recently pointed out by Dr. Hansen, this form lias
been confounded by Boeck and subsequent authors with the following species.
Believing, however, the Lysianassa audouiniana of Sp. Bate to be speeiiieally
distinct, he has proposed for the form here described another name, viz., that
of A. neylcctus. In my opinion, there can be little doubt that in reality
both are identical.

Occurrence. - I have met with this form rather plentifully both on
the south and west coast of Norway, at least up to the Trondhjemsfjord, in
depths varying from 20 to 150 fathoms. Very frequently it is found within
the branchial sac of Ascidise, thus leading a semiparasitic life. It is very
strange that among the numerous specimens collected not even a single male
could be detected. Is it that the sexual difference in this form is so very
slight as quite to escape attention?

Distribution. - British Islands, Denmark, France, Shetland; Adriatic
(Heller).

11. Aristias tumidus, (Kroyer).

(PI. 18, fig. 1).

Anonyx tumidus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidssk. 2 R, Bd. 2, p. Hi.
Syn : Menigrates arcticus, Schneider.

Very like the preceding species, but with the body a little more slender.
Cephalon with the lateral corners bluntly rounded, not drawn out at the tip.
Lateral corners of the last pair of epimeral plates of metasome rectangular,
posterior edge irregularly serrated. Eyes comparatively larger than in A.
awloumian-us, distinctly constricted in the upper part, pigment black. Superior
antennae relatively shorter than in that species, nagellum composed of a Les
number of articulations. Anterior gnathopoda very like those organs in
<in<louiniunu, but the propodos comparatively shorter and stouter.
gnathopoda less slender. Pereiopoda also comparatively shorter, propodal
joint in all produced at the tip, beneath the dactylus, to a short tooth-like
process, meral joint in the 3 posterior pairs considerably dilated, with the
posterior angle produced almost to the end of the carpal joint, basal joint in

50

the last pair fully as long as the remainder part of the leg. Last pair of
uropoda with the outer ramus rather large, its basal joint being considerably
dilated and very sharply defined from the small spiniform terminal joint;
inner ramus scarcely more than half as long as the outer. Telson about as
broad as it is long, cleft beyond the middle, the incision narrower than in
A. cwdouinianus, terminal lobes each with a single apical denticle. Colour
greyish white. Length 8 mm.

JlciiHtr/,-*. Dr. Hansen has been the first to show that the Kroyerian
species Anonyx tumulus, which, as above stated, was identified by Boeck and
most of the subsequent authors with Lysianassa audouiniana of Sp. Bate, though
very nearly related, yet is evidently distinct from the latter, differing, as it
does, in several anatomical details very markedly, especially in the structure
of the last pair of uropoda. The form described by Mr. Schneider 1 ) as Meni-
i/r/rx (trrficii* is undoubtedly identical with the present species.

Occurrence. - The species would seem on the coast of Norway to be
restricted to the arctic region. I have taken it, though rather sparingly, in
the Varangerfjord at Vadso in a depth of 60 80 fathoms, and a few speci-
mens are preserved in our Univ. Museum without statement of the locality,
but probably also found on the coast of Finmark. According to Goes it
occasionally is found in the branchial sac of Ascidias, as is the case with the
preceding species.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean : Greenland, Spitsbergen, Franz Josephs Land.

Gen. 11. Lysianella, G. 0. Sars, 1882.

!>odv c( impressed, shorter and stouter in male than in female, coxal
plates rather large. Superior ante mitt in female comparatively slender, in
male much stronger, accessory appendage in both sexes rather elongated.
Inferior antenna 1 about as long as the superior, of uniform structure in the
two sexes, penultimate joint of the peduncle very large, laminarly expanded
and inside densely clothed with fine hair. Buccal mass greatly projecting
interiorly. Anterior lip jutting out in front of the epistome as a narrow
digitiform lobe. Posterior lip strongly chitinized, rather narrow, lateral corners
but little diverging. Mandibles very strong, but with the molar expansion
extremely small, palp unusually short and originating much nearer the base
than does the latter. .First pair of maxillae of usual structure, basal lobe
narrowly tapering and provided at the tip with 2 slender bristles; 2nd pair
with both lobes narrowly produced and setous only at the tip. Maxillipeds

'; Tromse Museums Aarshci'tor VII.

51

not very large, masticatory lobe narrow oval, basal one acutely 1;i] it-ring,
palp slender, setous. Anterior gnathopoda of moderate si/e. subcheliform ;
posterior ones rather slender, with the propodos slightly produced beneath
the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda slender, basal joint of the )> posterior pairs
very large and laminar. Last pair of uropoda small, scarcely reaching bcvond
tlie preceding pair; rami not setous nor denticulate, subdual in size, 1 1n-
cuter with a distinct spiniform terminal joint, Telson sipiamiform. entire.

Remarks. This genus is well characterised by the peculiar laminar
form of the penultimate peduncular joint of the inferior antennae, l>v the
digitiform projecting anterior lip, and by the coarse structure of the mandibles.
In the form of the telson it agrees with Liiximmxxtt, but is otherwise very
different, The sexual differences are somewhat analogous to those described
above in the genus Acidostoma, the superior antennas only being modified in
the male, and not, as is usual, the inferior. With thai genus it also agrees
in the full development of the accessory appendage of the superior antenna-.

12. Lysianella petalocera, G-. 0. Sars.

(PI. 18, fig. 2).
Lysianella petalocera, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaoeer, I, p. 78, PI. 3, fig. 3.

Body of female, moderately slender, that of male considerably stouter,
the mesosome -being much shorter in proportion to the metasome. Cephalon in
female about the length of the first segment of the mesosome, with the lateral
corners somewhat projecting and subangular, in male much deeper and having
the lateral corners less projecting. The 4 anterior pairs of coxa! plates aboul
twice as deep as the body; 4th pair distinctly emarginated posteriorly with
the inferior part considerably dilated; 5th pair scarcely dec] MM- than they are
broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome rather large and obtusely
rounded at the posterior corner. F.yes oval, dark purplish hrowii, with a
reddish coating; in male considerably larger than in female. Superior antennae
in female about the length of the cephalon and the '2 first segments of the
mesosome combined; peduncle not very strong, first joint about twice the
length of the other two combined; flagellum rather slender, S-articulate, 1st
joint about the length of the 2 succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage
a little shorter than the flagellum, but scarcely more slender, 4-art iculate.
Superior antennas in 'male much stronger, the peduncle being considerably
tumeficated and the 1st joint of the flagellum very large and densely clothed
with long sensitive hairs. Inferior antenna 1 with the penultimate joint of the
peduncle rounded oval, anterior edge strongly curved, llagellmn 8-articulate.
Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos rather narrow, about the length of

52

the carpus, and somewhat obliquely truncated at the tip, dactylus short and
simple. Posterior gnathopoda not much longer than the anterior, propodos
half as long as the carpus and about of uniform breadth throughout. Last
pair of uropoda with the rami scarcely longer than the basal part. Telson
rather small, oval, nearly twice as long as broad, and evenly rounded at the
tip, with 2 small apical denticles. Colour whitish with greenish intestine;
ova in the marsupial pouch orange-coloured. Length of female 5 mm., of
male 3 l /z mm.

Renwrl's. This is the only as yet known species of the genus; for
none of the earlier described forms of Lysianassidse can properly be referred
to it, at least so far as our present knowledge of them goes.

OccnrrrHcr. - Although rather rarely met with, this small Lysianassid
would seem to occur along the whole coast of Norway. I first detected it in
the Lyngdalsfjord near Farsund, on the south coast of Norway, in a depth of
about 100 fathoms, and have subsequently found it again in several localities
both on the south and west coast and even so far North as Mehavn near
Xordkap, Finmark. Out of Norway it has as yet not been recorded.

Gen. 12. Callisoma, Costa, 1851.
Syn: Scopelocheirus, Sp. Bate.

Body rather thickset, glabrous, with large coxal plates. Superior
antennae much shorter than the inferior, with the peduncle considerably
tumeficated, 1st joint of the nagellum in male very large, accessory appendage
comparatively small. Inferior antennae slender and elongated in both sexes
but especially in male, basal joint much tumeficated; flagella of both pairs
in male provided with distinct calceolae. Epistome slightly projecting, rounded,
and defined from the likewise rounded anterior lip by a distinct sinus.
Posterior lip membranous, with widely diverging lateral corners. Mandibles
rather powerful, with the molar expansion considerably projecting and tapering
towards the tip; palp large and densely setous, originating at about the same
level as the latter. First pair of maxillse with the masticatory lobe com-
paratively short and rounded at the tip, which is armed with numerous
unequal spines ; basal lobe rather large, triangular, with a series of strong
plumose setae on the inner edge ; palp of usual structure, apical denticles
bifurcate. Second pair of maxillae with both lobes short and broad and
densely setous, the setae of the inner lobe partly plumose and continued down
the inner edge. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe comparatively short and

53

broad, armed on the inner edge with small claw-like spines, basal lobe
obtusely truncated at the tip, palp rather large, dactyl us slender spinit'onn.
Both pairs of guathopoda very slender and about of same length, the anterior
ones with the propodos narrow and elongated, provided at the tip with a double
row of delicate setse, dactylus replaced by a dense brush of hair-like setae,
though a claw-like rudiment may be found on closer examination ; propodos
of the posterior pair produced at the tip beneath the dactylus, thus forming
a minute chela. Pereiopoda rather strong, the 3 posterior pairs successively
increasing in length; basal joint very broad, laminar; meral joint likewise
considerably dilated, especially in the third pair. Last pair of uropoda
considerably projecting beyond the preceding pair, rami subequal, denticulated
and setoiis. Telson elongated and narrow, deeply cleft.

Remarks. - The present genus was established by Costa as early
as 1851 for a Mediterranean species C. Hopei, to which was subsequently
added by the same author another species C. punctatum. The genus Scope! o-
cheirus established by Sp. Bate in 1855 for a British species, is undoubtedly
identical with the genus of Costa and thus must cede to the elder name
Callisoma. It is a very distinct genus, differing from the other Lysianassidae
both in the structure of the oral parts and especially in that of the gnatho-
poda, the anterior pair of which are very peculiarly constructed. Two close 1 v
allied, though evidently distinct, species belong to the Fauna of Norway.

13. Callisoma crenata, Sp. Bate.

(PI. 19, fig 1).
Scopelocheirus crenatus, Sp. Bate, Brit. Assoc. Report 1855.

Body rather robust, with broadly rounded back. Cephalon comparatively
small, lateral corners but slightly projecting and narrowly rounded. Firsl
pair of coxal plates rather broad, completely obtecting at the sides the buccal
mass, their anterior and inferior edges forming a quite continuous curve;
pair deeply emarginated posteriorly and below the emargiiiatioii angularly
produced; 5th pair much broader than they are deep. Last pair of epimerul
plates of metasome rounded at the lateral corners, posterior edge irregularly
crenulated. First segment of urosome having dorsally a deep transversal
incision, below which there is a rounded carina, Eyes broadly oval, pigment
reddish brown with an orange-coloured coating. Superior antennae about
twice the length of the cephalon, peduncle short and thick, especially in the
male; nagellum 10 12-articulate, 1st joint in female about the length of the
3 succeeding joints combined, in male nearly occupying the half Length <>t
the nagellum; accessory appendage 3-articulate. Inferior antennae in female

8 Crustacea.

54

twice the length of the superior, flagellum composed of 23 24 joints. Anterior
gnathopoda very slender, propodos about the length of the carpus, slightly
constricted on the middle. Posterior gnathopoda likewise very slender, pro-
podos much shorter than the carpus. Basal joint of 3rd pair of pereiopoda
very much dilated and broader than that of the 2 succeeding pairs. Last
pair of uropoda with the inner ramus fully as long as the outer and acumi-
nated at the tip. Telson very elongated and narrow, nearly three times
as long as it is broad, cleft beyond the middle; terminal lobes very narrow
and armed each with an apical and a dorsal denticle. Colour yellowish, with
numerous orange-coloured pigmentary spots, causing the back to assume a
more or less reddish orange hue. Length of adult female 9 : /2 mm.

Remarks. This is the species on which Sp. Bate founded his genus
Scopelocheirus. It is easily known from most other Lysianassidse by its
thickish glabrous body densely speckled with orange-coloured pigmentary
spots, and by the very conspicuous dorsal incision on the 1st segment of the
urosome.

Occurrence. I have met with this form in several places both on
the south and west coasts of Norway at depths varying from 20 to 100 fathoms.
Quite recently I collected it rather plentifully in the Trondhj emsfj ord from
dead fishes fastened on the fishermen's lines.

Distribution. British Isles, Shetland.

14. Callisoma Kroyeri, (Bruzelius).

(PI. 19, fig. 2).
Anonyx Kroyeri, Bruzelius, Skand. Amphip. Gammar. p. 45, PI. II, fig. 7.

Very like the preceding species, but of smaller size and having the
coxal plates less deep. Cephalon relatively somewhat larger, with the lateral
corners scarcely projecting. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome rounded
at the lateral corners, posterior edge smooth. First segment of urosome
provided dorsally with a similar, though not quite so deep, incision as in
C. crenata. Eyes broadly oval, dark brownish. Antennae very like those
organs in C. crenata, but with a less number of articulations on the flagella.
Buccal mass distinctly projecting beneath the anterior coxal plates. Gnatho-
poda comparatively less slender, propodos of the anterior ones much longer
than the carpus and of uniform breadth throughout. Basal joint of the 3
posterior pairs of pereiopoda less dilated than in C. crenata. Last pair Of
uropoda with the inner ramus a little shorter than the outer, but scarcely
narrower. Telson shorter than in C. crenata f about twice as long as broad,

55

and cleft almost to the base. Colour yellowish, with dark brown intestine
and without distinct pigmentary spots. Length of adult female 5 1 /-- in m.

Remarks. Although very closely related to the preceding species,
this form may be readily distinguished, not only by its inferior size, but bv
the different proportions of the joints of the several legs and by its uniform
yellowish colour.

Occurrence. The only locality in which I have hitherto met with
this species is at Be] an, at the entrance of the Trondhjemsfjord. It occnrivd
here not rarely in a depth of 30 40 fathoms. According to Bruzelius it has
also been found on the coast of Finmark.

Distribution. - - Coast of Bohuslan (Bruzelius).

Gen. 13. Hippomedon, Boeck 1870.

Body slender and compressed, with rather deep though narrow coxal
plates. Anterior part of mesosome (comprising the 4 anterior segments)
scarcely as long as the posterior part. Metasome powerfully developed, with
large epimeral plates, those of the last pair terminating with a sharp upturned
hook-like projection. Cephalon comparatively small; eyes imperfectly developed.
Superior antennae with the joints of the peduncle more or less produced at
the end anteriorly, flagellum of moderate size with the 1st joint very
large, accessory appendage comparatively small. Inferior antennae much
longer than the superior; flagellum in both sexes, but especially in the male,
very slender and composed of numerous articulations; flagella of both pairs
of antennas in male provided with distinct calceolae. Epistome not at all
projecting. Anterior lip rather small and rounded in front. Posterior lip
strongly chitinized, with short and blunt lateral corners. Mandibles short
and strong, with the molar expansion rather large and massive, truncated at
the tip, palp very elongated and originating nearer the end of the mandible
than does the latter. First pair of maxillae with the masticatory lobe strongly
incurved and only armed with a limited number of denticulated spines, the lia-al
lobe short and oval, with 2 curved plumose setae at the tip; palp with the terminal
joint gradually expanded distally and armed at the obliquely trum-aled tip
with a dense series of short spines. Second pair of maxilla 1 with the li.l.rs
short and broad, the inner one setous both at the tip and the inner edge.
Maxillipeds comparatively short, masticatory lobe large, with the inner edge
straight and armed with a dense row of blunt denticles; pal]) robust, only

56

slightly reaching beyond the masticatory lobe; terminal joint claw-like. Anterior
gnathopoda very slender, carpus elongated, propodos oblong ovate, palmar
edge very oblique and indistinctly denned, dactylus slender. Posterior
gnatliopoda of the usual structure, propodos short, scarcely produced beneath
the small dactylus. Pereiopoda rather slender, basal joint of the 3 posterior
pairs large and laminar. Branchial lamellae of 3rd and 4th pair provided
with a digitiform supplementary ramus and ai few short lobes at the opposite
side; a 5th pair of small branchial lamellaB present. Last pair of uropoda
considerably projecting beyond the preceding pair; rami elongated, subequal,
not setous, but armed with small denticles on the edges, the outer one with
a distinct terminal joint, Telson oblong, deeply cleft.

Remarks. The present genus, established by Boeck, is well distin-
guished from the other Lysianassid genera both by the outer habitus and by
several anatomical characters, among others by the very slender form of the
inferior antennae and of the anterior gnatliopoda. The eyes are imperfectly
developed and disappear, as a rule, completely in specimens preserved in
alcohol. In the northern Ocean occur 5 species of this genus, 4 of which are
to be described in the following pages, the 5th being the Lysianassa abyssi
of Goes. Besides, the Rev. Mr. Stebbing has described 4 species from the
Challenger Expedition. The genus Platamon of the latter author is very
nearly related to the present genus, only differing by a somewhat different
structure of the posterior gnatliopoda.

15. Hippomedon denticulatus, (Sp. Bate).

(PL 20).

Anonyx denticulatus, Sp Ba^e, Cat. Amphip Crust. Brit. Mus. p 75.
Syn: Hippomedon Holbolli, Boeck (not Kroyer).

Body glabrous, compressed, but with the back evenly vaulted.
Cephalon scarcely as long as the 2 first segments of the mesosome combined,
lateral corners but slightly projecting, acute. First pair of coxal plates much
broader than the succeeding pair, and dilated inferiorly so as completely
to obtect the buccal mass laterally; 4th pair about twice as deep as the
body, forming posteriorly an acute-angled projection; 5th pair comparatively
small, broader than they are deep. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome
jutting out posteriorly as a narrow lanceolate upturned projection defined
from the posterior edge by a distinct incision. First segment of urosome not
forming any dorsal projection. Integuments smooth, without any distinct
sculpturing. Eyes narrow, linear, slightly widened below, with no trace of
lenses; pigment light red with a few opake white stripes transversally.

57

Superior antennae, with tlie 1st and 2nd joints of the peduncle produced
anteriorly to blunt tooth-like projections; flagellmn in female only little, in
male nearly 4 times longer than the peduncle, 1st joint in female as long
as the remainder 10 joints combined; accessory appendage scarcely longer
than the latter, 3-articulate. Inferior antennae in female more than twice the
length of the superior, in male about as long as the body, last joint of the
peduncle nearly twice the length of the penultimate one. Anterior gnatlio-
poda with the basal joint as long as the meral and carpal joints combined,
propodos half the length of the former, palmar edge finely denticulated.
Dactylus of the pereropoda scarcely more than half the length of the propodos.
Last pair of uropoda with the rami about twice the length of the basal part,
terminal joint of the outer ramus very small. Telson nearly twice as long
as broad, cleft beyond the middle, the incision very narrow in its anterior
part; terminal lobes obtusely acuminate, each with a small apical denticle
and another dorsal near their base. Body whitish, pellucid, with a few
orange-coloured pigmentary bands dorsally across the segments of the nieta-
some. Length of female reaching 14 mm., of male 11 mm.

Remarks. This form has been erroneously identified by Boeck and
most subsequent authors with Kroyer's Anonyx HolboUi, which latter according
to the recent statements of Dr. Hansen is a very distinct species not occur-
ring out of the arctic seas. The present species is easily distinguished both
from the said arctic form and from the succeeding new species by the strong
dentiform projections formed by the 2 first peduncular joints of the superior
antennae and especially by the peculiar form of the posterior projection of
the last epimeral plates of the metasome.

Occurrence. I have met with this form only on the south and west
coasts of Norway. It occurs in comparatively shallow water, from 6 to 20
fathoms, especially on sandy bottom, and buries itself with great dexterity
within the loose bottom-deposit. Occasionally it also descends to considerable
depths, 60100 fathoms.

Distribution. - - Bohuslan, Denmark, British Isles, France, Mediterranean

(taken by the author at Naples).

1(3. Hippomedon propinqvus, U. <>. Sars, n. sp.

(PL 21, fig. 1).

Very like the preceding species, but of somewhat smaller size. Lateral
corners of cephalon narrowly rounded at the tip. First pair of coxa! plates
not nearly so strongly dilated as in N. denticulatus, and scarcely broader

58

tli an the succeeding pair. Posterior corner of the last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome acutely triangular and not defined from the posterior
edge by any incision. First segment of urosome slightly produced dorsally.
Integuments very finely and irregularly reticulated. Eyes about as in H.
denticulatus. Superior antennae with the joints of the peduncle less produced
anteriorly. Inferior antennae with the last joint of the peduncle only very
little longer than the penultimate one. Anterior gnathopoda comparatively
more slender than in H. denticulatus, basal joint longer than the meral and
corpal joints combined. Dactylus of the pereiopoda very slender, nearly as
long as the propodos. Last pair of uropocla with the outer ranras a little
longer than the inner, terminal joint considerably larger than in H. denticu-
latus. Telson comparatively narrower, with 2 or 3 pairs of dorsal denticles,
the incision deeper. Body whitish, pellucid, with dark red ovaries, urosome
and oral region partly tinged with crimson. Length of adult female 10 mm.

Remarks. Although very nearly related to H. denticulatus, this
species may at once be distinguished by the less produced peduncular joints
of the superior antennas, the narrower anterior coxal plates, and especially
by the different form of the posterior projection of the last pair of epimeral
plates of the metasome.

Occurrence. - This species seems to have a more northern range than
the preceding. The most southern locality where I have met with it is the
Trondlijemsfjord. On the other hand, it is very common on the whole coast
of Nordland and Finmark up to Vadso. It occurs in depths varying from
20 to 100 fins.

17. Hippomedon Holbelli, (Kroyer).

(PI. 21, fig. 2).
Anonyx Holbolli, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 2 R, Bd. 2, p. 6.

Form of body about as in the two preceding species. Cephalon trans-
versally truncated anteriorly, the lateral corners being not at all produced.
Coxal plates as in H. propinqvus. Posterior projection of last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome triangular, much shorter than in that species and, as in
the latter, not defined from the posterior edge by any incision. First segment
of urosome with a very conspicuous compressed gibbous projection dorsally.
Integuments very distinctly sculptured with close set delicate longitudinal
stria? partly anastomosing with each" other, the striation being also continued
on the peduncle of the superior antennas and partly down the sides of the
coxal plates. Eyes with a very conspicuous watchglass-formed lens near the
lateral corners. Superior antennae with the joints of the peduncle not at all

59

produced anteriorly, accessory appendage 4-articulate. Inferior antenme about
as in H. propinqvus. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos comparatively
shorter than in the 2 preceding species. Dactylns of the pereiopoda rather
elongated. Last pair of nropoda scarcely different from those in II. propingviis.
Telson, on the other hand, comparatively broader, with the incision less
narrowed anteriorly. Length of young male 1(3 mm.

Remarks. - Although the present species cannot properly he referred
to the Norwegian fauna, heving not yet been found out of the polar seas, I
have thought it right to describe and figure it here, in order to eliieidnie
more closely, than has been done by Dr. Hanson, the characters by which
this form is distinguished both from H. clentic-nluhts and proj>iii<irm<. Among
these characters the peculiar sculpture of the integuments, the presence of
a distinct ocular lens, and the comparatively short posterior projection of the
last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome are the most conspicuous. The
figures here given are drawn from a specimen procured on the Norwegian
North Atlantic Expedition off Jan Mayen. Also the form mentioned and
figured by the author in his Report on the Crustacea of the said Expedition,
as H. HolboUi, rar.. must, in spite of the total absence of eyes, be referred
to the present species, as the integuments in most of the specimens exhibit
a very similar close striation as in the typical form.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen, the
Murman coast, the White Sea, Matotschinskar.

Gen. 14. Orchomene, Boeck, 1870.

Body, as a rule, rather thickset, with the segments of mesosome
gradually increasing in size posteriorly, and the coxal plates very large.
Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome not produced at the infero-lateral
corners, posterior edge more or less coarsely serrated. Superior antenna? com-
paratively short, with the accessory appendage well developed. Inferior
antennae in female about the length of the superior, with the antepenultimate
joint of the peduncle rather produced, in male very slender and elongated,
with the flagellum filiform and provided, like that of the superior ones, with
distinct calceolse. Epistome projecting in front of the anterior lip as a more
or less prominent rounded lamina, overhanging the anterior lip in front.
Posterior lip strongly chitinized, with projecting lateral corners. Mandibles
elongated, with the molar expansion very small; palp slender, original ing

60 .

mnch nearer the base than does the latter. First pair of maxillae with the
masticatory lobe almost transversely truncated at the tip and armed with
strong denticulated spines, the basal lobe elongated, tapering, with 2 small
apical setae; palp normal. Second pair of maxillae with both lobes elongated
and narrow, setous at the tip only. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe very
large, oval, slightly crenulated on the inner edge, palp comparatively small.
Anterior gnathopoda short and stout, subcheliform ; propodos truncated at the
tip, with a distinctly defined palmar edge ; dactylus short and curved. Posterior
gnathopoda slender, propodos slightly produced beneath the minute dactylus.
Pereiopoda comparatively short, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs very
large and laminar. Last pair of uropoda in female scarcely reaching beyond
the preceding pair, rami partly denticulated at the edges; in male much
larger, with the inner edge of both rami provided with plumose setae. Telson
comparatively small, not reaching beyond the basal part of the last pair of
uropoda, and more or less deeply incised posteriorly.

EemarJiS. The present genus has been established by Boeck in
order to include some species formerly referred to the genus Anonyx but
differing materially in the structure of the oral parts. The genus would
seem to include numerous species from different parts of the Oceans. Besides
the 5 northern species here described, 3 new species have been recorded by
the Rev. Mr. Stebbing from the Challenger Expedition, 2 of which, however,
may more properly be referred to the genus Orchomenopsis to be described in
the sequel; and of the several exotic species referred by earlier authors
to the genus Anonyx some may perhaps on closer examination be found to
belong to the present genus.

18. Orchomene Batei, G-. 0. Sars.

(PI. 22).

Orcliomene Batei, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaeeer, I, p. 81.
Syn: Anonyx Edwardsii, >Sp. Bate (not Kroyer).
? Anonyx melanophthalmus, Norman.

Body more slender than in the other species, especially in the male.
Cephalon with the lateral corners rather projecting, in female broadly rounded,
in male narrow linguiform. Coxal plates of moderate size, the 4 anterior
pairs about twice as deep as the body, 5th pair broader than they are deep.
Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome nearly rectangular, posterior edge
irregularly and minutely crenulated. First segment of urosome with a slight
dorsal indentation at the base, more distinct in the male. Eyes oval or
slightly reniform, much larger in male than in female, pigment (in adult

61

specimens) dark reddish In-own. Superior antennae in female about the length
of the cephalon and the 1st segment of mesosome combined. ila gel him scarcely
longer than the peduncle, 8-articulate, 1st joint as long as the :-J succeeding
ones combined, accessory appendage half the length of the flagellum, 5-artim-
late. Inferior antennae in male fully as long as the body, with the pedun-
cular joints considerably expanded. Epistomal plate narrow linguiform, and
considerably projecting in front. Anterior gnathopoda very short ;m<l stout,
propodos about the length of the carpal and meral joints combined, distinctly
tapering distally. Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos very narrow,
oblong linear, upper edge provided with unusually coarse spiniform bristles,
arranged in several transverse rows. Last pair of uropoda in female with
the inner ramus shorter than the basal joint of the outer, simple mueroniform,
without any lateral denticles. Telson in female oblong quadrangular, scarcely
tapering distally, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, posterior incision very
shallow and broad; in male considerably more elongate, with the posterior
incision much narrower. Body cream-coloured, each segment of the mesosome
having a small reddish pigmentary speck at the infero-posterior corners.
Length of female 7 mm., of male 8 mm.

Remarks. I think there can be little doubt that the present form
is that described by Sp. Bate as Anonyx Edwardsii. That, however, the
species so named by Kroyer is very different and even belongs to another
genus, viz., Oncsimns, was first pointed out by Boeck. But the latter author
was certainly wrong in identifying the British form with his Orr/iontn/i
Sf.rmins, and for this reason I found it right in my 0versigt to give the
species a new name, proposing for it that of 0. Sate/. I am now, however,
somewhat uncertain whether the species shortly characterised by Norman in
his Shetland Report as Anonyx metanophfhalmus may not be this species,
in which case the specific denomination proposed by that author ought to he
retained. The species in question is easily known from the other forms of this
genus, not only by its comparatively small size, but by the less robust form
of the body, and by the shallow incision of the telson in the female.
The pigment of the eyes is in living specimens dark reddish brown
(somewhat lighter in young), but becomes in specimens preserved in spirit
almost black.

Occurrence. I have only met with this form in a few localities ulf
the. south and west coast of Norway. In one of these localities (Fuller,, it
occurred rather plentifully at a depth of 2040 fathoms among Ascidia> and
Hydroidse.

Distribution. British Isles, Shetland ('?), coast of France (Chevreux).

9 Crustacea.

62

19. Orchomene serratus, JBoeck.

(PI. 23, fig. 1).
Orchomene serratus, Boeck, Crust. Ampbip. bor & arctica, p. 35.

Body comparatively robust, with broadly vaulted back. Lateral
corners of cephalon considerably projecting and obtusely rounded at the tip,
in male much narrower than in female. Coxal plates rather large, the 4
anterior pairs more than twice as deep as the body, 5th pair about as deep
as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome nearly right-angled,
posterior edge straight and very coarsely serrated, number of serrations
16 20. First segment of urosome transversally impressed at the base and
having behind an evenly rounded dorsal carina. Eyes narrow oval, tapering
above, pigment dark brown, with a somewhat lighter reddish coating. An-
tennae about as in Batei. Epistomal plate very like that in the latter
species, but somewhat broader and less projecting. Anterior gnathopoda less
robust than in the said species, propodos fully as long as the carpal and
meral joints combined and nearly of uniform breadth throughout. Basal joint
of the 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda fully as long as the remainder part
of the leg. Last pair of uropoda in female with the inner ramus shorter
than the basal joint of the outer and armed on the inner edge with 3 dent-
icles. Telson broadly ovate, tapering distally, with 3 pairs of dorsal
denticles, cleft very narrow and extending to about the middle of the telson.
Colour more or less yellowish or ochraceous, with dark brown intestine.
Length of adult female 10 mm.

Remarks. - This form, confounded by Boeck with the preceding species,
may be easily known from the latter by its much more plumpy body., the
narrower lateral corners of -the cephalon, the more slender anterior gnatho-
poda, but especially by the. very coarse serrations of the last pair of epimeral
plates of the metasome. It also attains a considerably larger size than that
species.

Occurrence. - The species would seem to occur along the whole coast
of Norway up to Finmark in moderately deep water, from 30 to 100 fathoms.
Boeck collected it at Skudesnaes and Lyngholmen, the latter locality lying
in the outer part of the Hardangerfjord.

Distribution. The Norse Island, Spitsbergen (collected on the Nor-
wegian North Atlantic Expedition) ; the Siberian Polar Sea (Stuxberg).

63

20. Orchomene crispatus, (Groes).

(PI. 23, fig. 2).
Lysianassa crispata, Goes, Crust, amphip. maris Spitsbergise, p. 3, fig. 3.

Body very robust and plumpy, with broadly vaulted back. Cephalon
comparatively short, lateral corners greatly projecting- and acuminated \\\
the tip. Coxal plates very large, the 4 anterior pairs nearly three times as
deep as the body and quite concealing laterally the buccal mass, f>th pair
fully as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome rounded
at the infero-lateral corners, posterior edge straight and finely serrated
throughout. First segment of urosome without any dorsal projection. Eves
very narrow, oblong linear, pigment reddish brown with a light orange-
coloured coating. Superior antennse with the 1st joint of the peduncle
unusually narrow and elongated, almost as long as the whole remainder part
of the antenna, nagellum ( J-articulate with the 1st joint rather short, acces-
sory appendage slender, 6-articulate. Epistomal plate much broader than in
the 2 preceding species, but less projecting, obtusely truncated at the tip.
Anterior gnathopoda rather strong, propodos very elongated, much longer
than the carpal and meral joints combined, and gradually tapering to the
transversally truncated extremity. Basal joint of the 3 posterior pereiopoda
very much expanded, that of the last pair almost rectangular in form. Last
pair of uropoda with the rami comparatively coarser and broader than in the
other species. Telson short and broad, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, cleft
rather broad and not quite extending to the middle of the telson. Body
more or less distinctly flesh-coloured, especially on its anterior part, Length
of adult female reaching 12 mm.

Eemarks. Boeck has erroneously identified the present form,

detected by Groes, with his 0. serratus. As will be seen from the above
given diagnosis and the accompanying figures, it represents in reality a very
distinct species, differing from 0. serratus both as to the form of the body
and in several anatomical characters. It is now for the first time added to
the Norwegian fauna.

Occurrence. - I have met with this form in a few localities off the
west coast of Norway and quite recently also in the Trondhjemsfjord. It
occurs, as a rule, in very deep water, especially in the region of the deep-sen
corals, depth from 100 to 200 fathoms.

Distribution. - - Spitsbergen (Groes).

04

21. Orchomene pectinatus, G-. 0. Sars.

(PL 23, fig. 3).
Orchomene pectinatus, G. 0. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer, I, p. 80, PL 3, fig. 5.

Form of body about as in 0. serratus, though perhaps a little more
robust. Lateral corners of cephalon acute, less projecting than in 0. crispatiis.
Coxal plates rather large, the 4 anterior pairs about twice as deep as the
body; 1st pair considerably dilated below, without however completely
concealing the buccal mass laterally, 5th pair somewhat narrower than in 0.
serratus. Last pair of epiineral plates of metasome rounded at the infero-
lateral corners, posterior edge slightly arched and divided into very coarse
and sharp somewhat upturned serrations, 12 10 in number. First segment
of urosome produced dorsally to a high compressed projection, sharply angulated
at the tip. Eyes narrow, slightly sigmoid in form, with imperfectly developed
visual elements ; pigment very pale, almost cream-coloured. Superior antennae
with the 1st joint of the peduncle very large and tumid; flagellum slender,
12 13-articulate ; accessory appendage about half its length and 7-articulate.
Epistomal plate of very considerable size and greatly projecting, evenly
rounded in front. Anterior gnathopoda rather slender, propodos only little
longer than the carpus and very slightly tapering distally. Last pair of
uropoda with the inner ramus fully as long as the basal joint of the outer,
and provided at the inner edge with 4 denticles. Telson very small, with 2
pairs of minute dorsal denticles, cleft extending about to the middle and
gradually widening posteriorly. Colour pale greyish white. Length of adult
female reaching 12 mm.

Remarks. - Though very nearly related to the two preceding species,
this form may at once be 'distinguished by the imperfectly developed and
pale coloured eyes, the large and projecting epistomal plate, the very coarse
serrations of the last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome, and lastly
by the high compressed dorsal projection of the 1st segment of the urosome.

Occurrence. - I first detected this form in the Varangerfjord at Bugo,
where a few specimens were collected at a depth of about 120 fathoms. In
no other parts of the Norwegian coast have I yet met with it,

Distribution. North Atlantic: outside the great fishing banks off
the N.-West coast of Norway (Stat. 124, 192, 251 of the Norwegian North
Atlantic Expedition); Arctic Ocean W of Beeren Eiland (Stat, 312 of same
Expedition).

22. Orchomene amblyops, n. sp.

(PI. 25, fig. 1).

Body a little more slender than in the 3 previously described species.
Lateral corners of cephalon but slightly produced and distinctly angular at
the tip. Coxal plates rather large, the 4 anterior pairs about twice as deep
as the body, 1st pair considerably expanded below and to a great extent
concealing the buccal mass laterally, 5th pair about as deep as broad. Last
pair of epimeral plates of metasome rounded at the infero-lateral corners,
posterior edge sligtly arched and regularly serrated, number of serrations
14 16. First segment of urosome with a very conspicuous triangular hump-
like dorsal projection, obtuse at the tip. Eyes oblong oval considerably
dilated below, visual elements imperfectly developed, pigment light orange-
coloured with a faint whitish reticulation. Antennae almost exactly as in ().
serratns. Epistomal plate, on the other hand, considerably broader and
nearly of the same form as in 0. cri^patns. Anterior gnathopoda somewhat
more slender than in 0. serratns, propodos longer than the carpal and meral
joints combined, scarcely at all tapering, tip transversally truncated. Posterior
gnathopoda with the propodos much narrower than in that species, and provided
with much coarser spiniform bristles. Pereiopoda comparatively more slender,
basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs not nearly so long as the remainder part
of the leg. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus shorter than the
basal joint of the outer, the latter with 3 rather slender ciliated setie on
the inner edge. Telson comparatively small, with 3 pairs of dorsal denticles,
cleft extending to about the middle and gradually widening posteriorly.
Colour whitish with a faint tinge of yellow on the anterior part. Length of
adult female 8 mm.

Remarks. - - This new species is intermediate in character between
0. wmitus and pectuwtns. From the former it is distinguished by the com-
paratively short and angular lateral corners of the cephalon, the imperfectly
developed eyes, and the hump-like dorsal projection of the 1st segment of the
urosome; from the latter by the different form of the epistomal plate, the
less coarse serrations of the last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome,
and by the more blunted form of the dorsal projection of the 1st segment of
the urosome.

Occurrence. - I have met with this form in a few localities oil' the
west coast of Norway, and, besides, in the Trondhjemsfjord and at Aprlvaer
in Namdalen. It is a true deep-water form, only occurring in greater depths,
from 100 to 200 fathoms.

66

Gen 15. Orchomenella, G. 0. Sars, n.
Syn: Orchomene, Boeck (ex parte).

Body more or less plumpy, with large coxal plates. Last pair of
epimeral plates of metasome scarcely serrated posteriorly, infero-lateral corners
blunt or slightly produced. Superior antennae about as in Orchomene', inferior
ones, as a rule, more slender and elongated than the superior, in male scarcely
as long as the body. Epistome less projecting than in that genus, and evenly
rounded or flattened in front. Mandibles of somewhat coarser structure than
in Orchomene, molar expansion comparatively larger and blunted at the ti^>,
palp slender and not originating so near the base as in the latter genus.
First pair of maxillae with the masticatory lobe very obliquely truncated at
the tip, spines partly lamellar and finely denticulated at one of their edges,
basal lobe and palp about as in Orchomene. Second pair of maxillae with the
lobes less elongated. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe comparatively smaller
and oblong in form, but the palp, on the other hand, larger. Anterior gnatho-
poda rather strong, subcheliform, posterior ones less slender than in Orchomene;
propodos short, dilated distally and densely hirsute, apex slightly produced
beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda comparatively short, basal joint of
the 3 posterior pairs large and laminar. Last pair of uropoda in female
about as in Orchomene, in male but slightly modified, outer ramus only
setiferous. Telson larger than in that genus, reaching beyond the basal part
of the last pair of uropoda, form oblong triangular, cleft very narrow fissure-like.

Remarks. - I have seen fit to establish this new genus, in order to
include some small species formerly referred partly to the genus Orchomene,
partly to that of Anonijx and Tryphosa, but agreeng pretty well with each
other in certain structural details, so as to form a natural group, which
undoubtedly has its nearest ally in the genus Orchomene. Besides the 4
species described below, the form recorded by the Hev. Mr. Stebbing from the
Challenger Expedition as Trt/phosa barbatipes may perhaps more properly be
referred to the present genus.

23. Orchomenella minuta, (Kroyer).

(PI. 24, fig. 1).
Anonyx minutus, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 2 R. Bd. 2, p. 23.

Body short and thick, with broadly vaulted back. Lateral corners of
cephalon slightly produced, in female almost right-angled, in male rather
narrow and acute at the tip. Coxal plates very large, the 4 anterior pairs
more than twice as deep as the body, 1st pair scarcely expanding below, 5th

67

pair deeper than they are broad and forming at the infero-posterior corner
a projecting triangular lobe. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome with
the infero-lateral corners a little produced, posterior edge smooth. First
segment of urosome having a slight transversal depression at the base; Kves
oval, somewhat narrowed above, pigment light red. Superior antenna* witli
the 1st joint of the peduncle rather large, flagellum scarcely longer than the
peduncle, 10-articulate, with the 1st joint about as long as the :> succeeding
ones combined; accessory appendage scarcely half the length of the tlagcllmn.
4 5-articulate. Inferior antennae in female only little longer than the superior,
flagellum 10 12-articulate. Epistome slightly projecting in front of the
anterior lip and evenly rounded. Anterior gnathopoda comparatively slender,
propodos about as long as the carpus and very slightly tapering to tin-
somewhat obliquely truncated tip. Pereiopoda unusually short, with the dactvlus
very minute; basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs very large, longer than the
remainder part of the leg. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus fully
as long as the basal joint of the outer, the latter provided (in female) with
a single seta on the inner edge. Telson nearly twice as long as broad, cleft
beyond the middle, lateral lobes slightly diverging at the tip. Body pale
yellowish red, or flesh-coloured, each segment having at the infero-lateral
corners a small orange-coloured speck. Length of adult female scarcely
exceeding 6 mm.

Remark*. The present species was first described by Kroyer as
an Anonyx and subsequently referred by Boeck to his genus Orchomene. It
may be regarded as the type of the genus.

Occurrence. - The species would seem to occur along the whole coast
of Norway, but is especially very frequent in the Arctic region, off the coast
of Nordland and Finmark, in moderate depths, from 20 to :~>() fathoms.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, the Miinnaii
Coast, the Siberian Polar Sea (Stuxberg); ? British Isles (Sp. Bate); ? Ad-
riatic (Heller).

24. Orchomenella pingvis, (Boeck).

(PI. 24, fig. 2).
Orchomene pingvis, Boeck, Crust, amphip, bor. &, arctica, p. 30.

Very like the preceding species in its general habitus, though perhaps
somewhat thicker in proportion to its height, Lateral corners of eephalon
narrowly rounded at the tip. Coxal plates not fully ;is deep as in 0. im'imfti.
1st pair distinctly expanded below, 5th pair exhibiting a similar projecting
lobe at the infero-posterior corners as in that species. Last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome rounded at the infero-lateral corners, posterior edge

68

minutely creimlated. First segment of tiresome with a distinct and rather
deep transversal depression dorsally. Eyes narrow reniform, pigment light
red. Superior antennae rather like those organs in the preceding species, but
with the 1st joint of the fiagellnm comparatively larger, especially in the
male. Inferior antennae in female considerably longer than the superior, the
flagellum being rather slender and composed of about 15 joints. Epistome
scarcely projecting in front of the anterior lip, though being defined from the
same by a distinct incision. Anterior gnathopoda considerably shorter and
stouter than in 0. minnta, carpal joint rather short, propodos about twice its
length and distinctly tapering to the transversally truncated tip. Pereiopoda
comparatively more powerful, with the dactylus much stronger; basal joint
of the 3 posterior pairs shorter than the remainder part of the leg, that of
the 3rd pair more evenly rounded than in 0. minnta. Last pair of uropoda
with the inner ramus scarcely as long as the basal joint of the outer, the
latter provided in female with 3 setse on the inner edge. Telson regularly
tapering distally and cleft beyond the middle, the terminal lobes not at all
diverging. Colour whitish. Length of adult female l l /z mm.

Remarl-x. In its general habitus this species shows so great a
resemblance to 0. minnta as easily to be confounded with it, at least if the
specimens examined are preserved in spirits. On a closer examination, however,
several well marked characters will be found to distinguish it from that
species, among others the narrow reniform eyes, the slender inferior antennas,
the much shorter and stouter anterior gnathopoda, the more powerful structure
of the pereiopoda, and lastly the form and armature of the last pair of
epimeral plates of the metasome.

Occurrence. I had not myself been aware of this species before
Mr. Schneider last year sent me some detail-drawings of a supposed new
species of OirhoHirne found by liim in the Malangenf j ord, Finmark. On
comparing these drawings with the figures and description given by Boerk
of his Orchomene pnujrix, I found so much agreement that I could not but
believe both forms to be identical. Subsequently, on looking over the vast
material of 0. minnta collected by me at different times and in different
places, I succeeded in picking up several specimens of the same form, both
males and females, and have now T convinced myself that this species is in
reality the 0. ping vis of Boeck. In what locality my specimens were collected
I cannot, however, say with certainty, but believe them to be from the west
coast of Norway. Boeck himself found only a single specimen at Mandal,
south coast of Norway, and mentions another specimen taken at Lofoten
in a depth of 200300 fathoms.

Distribution. - Siberian Polar Sea (Stuxberg).

(ill

25. Orchomenella ciliata, G. 0. Sars

(PI. 25, fig. 2).
Trypliosa ciliata, G O. Sars, Oversigt over Norges Crustaceer I., p. 81, PI. 3. fig. 4.

Body comparatively short and stout, Lateral corners of cephalon
rather projecting and broadly rounded in female, somewhat narrower in male.
Coxal plates of moderate size, the 4 anterior pairs about twice as deep as the
body; 1st pair scarcely expanding below; 5th pair about as deep as broad,
infero-posterior angle but slightly produced. Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome rounded at the infero-lateral corners, posterior edge smooth. First
segment of urosome with a deep transversal depression dorsally. Eves rather
large, oval, widening below, pigment light red. Superior antennas with the
1st joint of the peduncle very large and thick; nagellum only slightly exceed-
ing the length of the peduncle and composed in female of 8, in male of 12
articulations, the 1st of which is very large and densely ciliated, especially
in the male; accessory appendage scarcely half the length of the flagellum,
3-articulate, 1st joint large, slightly dilated and furnished with dense fascicles
of slender setse on the lower edge. Inferior antennae in female but little
longer than the superior, in male about half as long again. Epistome
flattened in front and not projecting beyond the anterior lip. Anterior gnatho-
poda rather robust, propodos a little longer than the carpus and slightly ta-
pering to the transversely truncated extremity. Posterior gnathopoda not very
slender, propodos oval, fully half as long as the carpus and obtusely produced
beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda comparatively short; basal joint of
the 3 posterior pairs, and especially that of the last pair, rather expanded
and nearly as long as the remainder part of the leg. Last pair of uropoda
in female with the inner ramus shorter than the basal joint of the outer, tip
bidentate, outer one with 3 slender setce on the inner edge. Telson rather
broad, triangular, with a single pair of dorsal denticles, cleft very narrow,
extending beyond the middle. Colour greyish white, without any distinct
pigmentation. Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 5 mm.

Remarks - I first described this form as a Tri/pho*<t owing to its
general resemblance to the species of that genus. On closer examination of the
oral parts I have, however, now found, that it cannot properly be referred
to that genus but must be regarded as a true Orchomenella.

Occurrence. - - The only place where I have hitherto met with this
species is outside the sandy beaches of Jaederen, south coast of Norway. It
occurred here rather sparingly in comparatively shallow water together with
Bafhyporeia pilosa, Lindstrom.

Distribution. - Coast of France (Chevreux).

10 Crustacea.

70

26. Orchomenella groenlandica (Hansen).

(PL 26, fig. 1.)
Anonyx groenlandicus,Ha-nsen, Malacostraca marina Grdnlandise occidentalis. p. 72, PI. II, fig. 5.

Body less robust than in the other species of the genus. Lateral
corners of cephalon slightly projecting and snbangnlar at the tip. First pair
of coxal plates much smaller than the succeeding ones, tapering inferiorly and
having the anterior edge concaved; the 3 succeeding pairs about twice as
deep as the body; 4th pair rather expanded below; 5th pair comparatively
small, rounded, more broad than deep. Last pair of epimeral plates of meta-
some produced at the infero-lateral corners to a short upturned dentiform pro-
jection, posterior edge arcuate. First segment of urosome deeply depressed
dorsally, and exhibiting below the depression a projecting carina terminating
with a sharp point. Eyes oval, widening below, visual elements imperfectly
developed, pigment dark red, with an opaque whitish coating. Superior an-
tennse with the peduncle short and thick, flagellum nearly twice its length
and composed in female of 8, in male of about 14 articulations, the 1st of
which is rather large; accessory appendage half the length of the flagellum,
4-articulate, 1st joint longer than the other 3 combined. Inferior antennae in
in female scarcely longer than the superior, in male somewhat more elongated,
though not nearly twice as long. Epistome considerably projecting in front of
-the anterior lip, and evenly rounded. Mandibles somewhat stronger than in
the other species, but otherwise of a quite similar structure. Anterior gnatho-
poda with the propodos as long as the carpal and meral joints combined, ob-
long quadrangular, nearly of uniform breadth throughout, palmar edge trans-
versely truncated. Posterior gnathopoda rather slender, propodos half the
length of the carpus, gradually widening distally and angularly produced be-
neath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda of moderate length, basal joint of the
3 posterior pairs rather large and laminar. Last pair of uropoda in female
with the inner ramus nearly as long as the outer, the latter whithout any
setae ; in male somewhat larger, with both rami setous on the inner edge.
Penultimate pair of uropoda in both sexes with the inner ramus indented
near the tip and bearing immediately above the indentation a long spiniform
seta. Telson oblong oval, nearly twice as long as broad, gradually tapering
distally, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, cleft very narrow and extending
beyond the middle. Colour whitish, pellucid. Length of adult female 7 mm.

Remarks. At first I believed this form to be the Lysianassa Mar-
tensi of Groes, exhibiting, as it does, some points of apparent agreement; but,
having had recently through the kindness of Prof. Loven an opportunity of
examining the type specimens of the Stockholm Museum, I find the form so

named by Goes to be evidenty different and belonging to the genus Anonyx
in the restriction adopted in the present work. That the Anon,,,, ,,,; H >,tlfui.di-
cus of Hansen is identical with the form here described, is beyond any doubt.
It cannot, however, by any means be referred to the genus Anonyx, as it differs
very materially from that genus in de structure of the oral parts, which on
the other hand agrees pretty well with that in the genus Orel/on/, IH //,/. I
therefore have referred it to the latter genus, although it would seem to
differ from the other species in a few points, for instance in the structure of the
last pair of uropoda in the male.

Occurrence. - Off the coast of Norway this species would seem to be
wholly restricted to the arctic region. I have collected it in two places only,
viz., at Mehavn, near Nordcap, and at Vardo, in a depth of 20 to 50 fathoms.
It is now for the first time added to the Norwegian fauna.

Distribution. West coast of Greenland (Hansen).

Gen. 16. Nannonyx, G. 0. Sars, n.
Syu: Orchomene, Boeek (ex parte).

Body unusually short and stout, with large coxal plates and poorly
developed metasome and urosome. Both pairs of antennae in female very short
and subequal in length, with the flagella only composed of a very restricted
number of articulations. Peduncle of the superior antennae very tumeiicated ;
antepenultimate peduncular joint of the inferior ones long and slender. Kpi-
stome not distinctly defined from the anterior lip. Posterior lip comparatively
narrow, lateral corners obliquely truncated. Mandibles much elongated, molar
expansion very slight, palp comparatively small, originating near the base of
the mandible. First pair of maxillae with the masticatory !<>l>c almost trans-
versely truncated, basal lobe narrowly tapering, with a single apical seta. palp very
small. Second pair of maxillae with both lobes elongated and narrow, setous
at the tip only. Maxillipeds well developed, with the busal part considerably
dilated and exhibiting along the inferior edge a series of strong diverging
setae, masticatory lobe very large, oblong oval, slightly crenulated at the tip,
basal lobe unusually elongated and narrow, nearly reaching 1 the endot'the
masticatory lobe; palp slender, with the terminal joint very small, kimli -like.
Anterior gnathopoda very robust, meral and carpal joints considerably ex
panded and provided inferiorly with a dense clothing of slender setae, propodos
likewise densely setous, gradually tapering, without any distincl palmar edge,

72

dactylus extremely small. Posterior gnatliopoda slender and only sparingly
setous, propodos narrow linear, angularly produced at the tip beneath the mi-
nute dactylus. Pereiopoda short and stout, with the dactylus very small, basal
joint of the 3 posterior pairs large and laminar. Last pair of uropoda extreme-
ly small, rami much shorter than the basal part and nearly bare. Telson
small, sqvamiform, entire.

Remarks. - - 1 have thought fit to establish this new genus soas to include the
following small Lysianassid, referred by Boeck to his genus OrcJwmene, but
differing in several points rather markedly so as more property to be generically
separated. The small size of the dactylus on the several legs has given rise
to the generic name here proposed.

27. Nannonyx Goesii, (Boeck).

(PI. 24, fig. 3)
Orchomene Goesii, Boeck, Crust, amphip. bor. & arct. p 36.

Body rather thickset, with broadly rounded back. Cephalon much
shorter than the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners somewhat produced
and broadly rounded at the tip. Anterior coxal plates more than twice as
deep as the body; 1st pair obliquely truncated at the tip; 4th pair only very
slightly emarginated behind, infero-posterior corners obtusely rounded; 5th
pair rather large, a little more deep than broad. Metasome scarcely as long
as the 3 posterior segments of mesosome combined, last pair of epimeral pla-
tes nearly rectangular, posterior edge slightly crenulated. Urosome very short,
1st segment with a hump-like dorsal projection. Eyes of moderate size, oval,
pigment dark brown. Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle
very large, fully twice the length of the other 2 combined; flagellum only
half the length of the peduncle and composed of 4 articulations only, the
1st of which is rather thick at the base and about as long as the other 3
combined, all the joints provided with unusually coarse sensitive bristles ; access-
ory appendage about half the length of the nagellum and biarticulate, In-
ferior antennae rather feeble, with the flagellum about as long as the pen-
ultimate peduncular joint and 4-articulate. Anterior gnatliopoda very power-
ful, propodos obpyriform and about the length of the carpus, but much nar-
rower. Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos about half the length of the
carpus and very narrow. Basal joint of the 3 posterior pereiopoda rounded
oval and about as long as the remainder part of the leg, meral joint rather
expanded posteriorly. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus extremely
small, about half the length of the outer and simple mucroniform. Telson

rounded quadrangular, nearly as broad as long, tip transversely truncated,
with 2 apical denticles and 2 small spiniform bristles on each side. Body
yellowish, each segment having a bright orange-coloured transversal band parl 1 v
extending down the coxal and basal joints of the 3 posterior pairs of pereio-
poda ; . ova in the marsupial pouch dark violet. Length of adult female
only 4 mm.

Remarks. - This is the only as yet known species of the genus and
was, as above stated, wrongly referred by Boeck to the genus Ordmntene.

Occurrence. I have only met with 2 specimens of this diminutive
species, both collected in the same locality, viz., at Folgero, west coast of
JSTorwaj^, in a depth of about 40 fathoms. Boeck collected this form at Hauge-
sund in comparatively shallow water between algae. Out of Norway it has
not yet been recorded.

Gen. 17. Orchomenopsis, Gr. 0. Sars, n.

Syn; Orchomene, Stebbing (ex parte).

Body more slender than in the 3 preceding genera, with the met a some
well developed and the coxal plates successively increasing in size to the 4th
pair. Cephalon with the lateral corners obtusely rounded. Last pair of epi-
meral plates of metasome likewise evenly rounded, posterior edge smooth.
Superior antennae of moderate length, with the accessory appendage well de-
veloped. Inferior antennas considerably longer than the superior. Epistome
not at all projecting, anterior lip rounded in front. Mandibles strong, with
the molar expansion slightly produced; palp . rather large and originating a
little nearer the base than does the latter. First pair of maxilhe with the
masticatory lobe obliquely truncated and armed with strong denticulated spines
partly of lamellar form, basal lobe narrowly produced, with 2 small apical
bristles, palp normal. Second pair of maxillae with both lobes narrowly pro-
duced and acuminate at the tip. Maxillipeds about as in Orchomenella. An-
terior gnathopoda very powerful, subcheliform ; posterior ones with the carpu-
rather expanded, propodos comparatively short and angularly produced at the
tip beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda strong, basal joint of the 3 post-
erior pairs moderately expanded. Last pair of uropodu considerably pro
jecting beyond the preceding pair, rami setons on the inner edge. Telson
large, triangular, deeply cleft, the incision very narrow, fissure-like.

74

'Remarks. - This new genus is nearly related to the genus Orchomene,
though differing materially by the epistome being not at all prominent, by the
very powerful structure of the anterior gnathopoda, and by the much fuller
development of the last pair of uropoda and of the telson, finally by the un-
armed last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome. In the structure of the
oral parts it comes somewhat nearer to the genus Orchomenetta. Besides the northern
species described in the sequel, 2 of the Challenger species referred by the Rev.
Mr. Stebbing to the genus Orchomene, viz., 0. musculosus and O.abyssorwm,-, evidently
belong to the present genus and perhaps also his 3rd, species, 0. excavatus.

28. Orchomenopsis obtusa, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 26, fig, 2.)

Body moderately slender with broadly rounded back. Cephalon about
as long as the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners but slightly projecting
and broadly rounded. Anterior coxal plates about twice as deep as the body ;
1st pair gradually widening below; 4th pair distinctly emarginated posteriorly
and forming below the emargination an obtuse projecting lobe; 5th pair fully
as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome not at all pro-
jecting at the infero-lateral corners, the edge forming an even uninterrupted
curve. First segment of urosome deeply impressed at the base dorsally and
forming below the depression a rounded carina. Eyes rather large, irregularly
oval, pigment ligth red. Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle
very large and thick; flagellum of moderate length, 10-articulate, 1st joint
large, about as long as the 5 succeeding joints combined; accessory appendage
about half the length of the fiagellum and 5-articulate, 1st joint as long as
the remainder part of the appendage. Inferior antennae rather slender, exceed-
ing the superior by about half their length; flagellum composed of about 18
articulations. Anterior gnathopoda very strong, propodos twice the length of
the carpus and but very slightly tapering to the transversely truncated ex-
tremity, carpus exhibiting below a rounded projecting lobe. Posterior gnatho-
poda with the carpus rather broad, bulging out interiorly, propodos about
half its length, widening distally, with the upper edge curved,, the lower
straight. Pereiopoda rather elongated but powerful in structure, basal joint
of the 3 posterior pairs much shorter than the remainder part of the leg.
Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus very little shorter than the outer ;
terminal joint of the latter very small. Telson about twice as long as broad
at the base, regularly tapering distally, with 4 or 5 pairs of dorsal denticles
near the edges and 2 other pairs inside the others; cleft extending somewhat

beyond the middle and not at all widening posteriorly. Colour uniform! v
whitish. Length of adult female 12 mm.

Remarks. From the Challenger species described by the Rev. Mr.
Stebbing the present form would seem to differ, among other things, by the
somewhat less robust structure of the anterior gnathopoda, as also by a differ-
ent form and armature of the telson.

Occurrence. - I have only met with 2 specimens of this form, both
females. They were collected last summer in the Trondhjemsfjord from a
dead fish fastened on a fishing line, which was let down in a depth of about
100 fathoms.

Gen. 18. Tryphosa, Boeck, 1870.

Body comparatively slender and compressed, with rather deep coxal
plates, the 1st pair of which, however, are much smaller than the succeeding
ones and tapering distally. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome smooth,
nearly rectangular or very slightly produced at the infero-lateral corners.
Superior antennae, comparatively slender, with well developed accessory ap-
pendage. Inferior antennae in female a little longer than the superior, in
male scarcely half the length of the body. Epistome forming a rounded
lamina projecting in front of the anterior lip. Mandibles of moderate size,
molar expansion distinctly developed, palp not very slender and originating at
about the same level as the latter, terminal joint oval. First pair of maxillae
with the masticatory lobe obliquely truncated at the tip, terminal spines
crowded together, basal lobe small, obtuse at the tip, with 2 plumose apical
setae. Second pair of maxillae with the lobes not very elongated and obtuse
at the end. Maxillipeds of moderate size ; masticatory lobe rather large, ob-
long, projecting beyond the antepenultimate joint of the palp; the latter not
very strong. Anterior gnathopoda comparatively slender and feeble in struct-
ure, carpus elongated, propodos nearly linear, with a well defined palmar
edge. Posterior gnathopoda less slender than usual, propodos more or less
dilated and densely hirsute, tip scarcely produced beneath the dactylus. Per-
eiopoda of moderate size, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs very large MI id
laminar. Last pair of uropoda but little projecting beyond {he preceding pair;
rami in female generally simple, not setous, in male provided on 1lie inner,
edge with plumous seta?. Telson rather large, oblong oval and deeply deft;
terminal lobes each with a single apical denticle.

76

Remarks. In their outer habitus the species of this genus exhibit
some resemblance to those of the genus Orchomenella, though the body appears,
as a rule, somewhat more slender and compressed. In the structure of the
oral parts as also of the 2 pairs of gnathopoda there are, however, well
marked differences between the 2 genera. Off the coast of Norway occur no

<J

less than 4 well distinguished, though very nearly allied species. Another
northern form, produced on the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, was
wrongly referred by the author to T. Horringii Boeck, but constitutes in fact
a distinct new species 1 , nearly allied to T. angulata Gr. 0. Sars, to be de-
scribed in the sequel. A second deep water species, T. pusiUa, was described
by the author from the same Expedition. Moreover several exotic species
have been recorded. Thus Dr Hansen refers, but with some doubt, a very
handsome Greenland species, T. pulclira, to this genus, and the Rev. Mr. Steb-
bing describes 2 species from the Challenger Expedition, viz., T. Itai-lxitipes,
and T. antennipotens, neither of which, however, in my opinion can properly be
referred to the present genus, the first being apparently an Orclwmenella,
whereas the latter undoubtedly belongs to the genus Pseudotrypliosa, to be de-
scribed in the sequel.

29. Tryphosa nana, (Kroyer).

(PI. 27, fig. 1.)
Anonyx namis, Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr. 2 R. 2 Bd p. 30.

Body rather compressed, smooth and polished. Cephalon longer than
the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners not very projecting and rounded
at the tip. Anterior coxal plates more than twice as deep as the body, 1st
pair with the anterior edge distinctly concaved, 4th pair obtusely produced
posteriorly in their lower part, 5th pair somewhat more broad than deep.
Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome rectangular, posterior edge straight.
First segment of urosome without any dorsal projection. Eyes of moderate
size, oblong oval, pigment light red. Superior antennae about as long as the
cephalon and the 2 first segments of mesosome combined, 1st joint of the pe-
duncle twice as long as the other 2 taken together; flagellum considerably
longer than the peduncle, 9-articulate, with the 1st joint comparatively short and
scarcely longer than the 2 succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage very

1 The said species, which will be described and figured in an appendix to the pre-
sent work and for which I propose the name of T. comprcasa, is chiefly distinguished by
the very deep cephalon, the lateral corners of which are considerably projecting though
obtuse at the tip, by the very narrow linear form of the eyes, and finally by the con-
siderable size and powerful structure of the propodos of the posterior gnathopoda.

77

narrow, scarcely half as long as the flagellum and composed of 5 articulations,
the 1st of which does not exceed the succeeding- ones in length. Inferior an-
tenna? in female very little longer than the superior, flagellum '.(-articulate;
in male abont twice the length of the former. Epistomal plate not very pro-
jecting, obtusely angular in front. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos
about the length of the carpus, palmar edge nearly transversely truncated.
Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos oval, scarcely narrower than the car-
pus, dactylus rather strong. Basal joints of the 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda
successively increasing in size posteriorly. Last pair of uropoda with the
inner ramus scarcely longer than the basal joint of the outer. Telson oblong
oval, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, cleft extending far beyond the middle.
Body whitish, pellucid, with a few light reddish pigmentary spots. Length of
adult female scarcely exceeding 4 mm.

Remarks. - The description of this and the following species given
by Boeck in his great work on the northern Amphipoda is in several points
incorrect and misleading as regards the specific distinction; on the other hand,
he was certainly right in removing both these species from the genus Anomj.i
and in referring them to a particular genus. The present species, which may
be regarded the type of this genus, is easily known from the other species
here discribed both by its small size and by the absolute want of any dorsal
projection on the 1st segment of the" urosome.

Occurrence. - - Off Norway the species would seem to be restricted to
the south and west coasts. At least it has never yet been met with either
off the coast of Nordland or that of Finmark. It occurs, as a rule, in com-
paratively shallow water, from 6 to 20 fathoms, especially where the bottom
is sandy.

Distribution. Denmark, Bohuslan, Shetland isles (Norman), coast of
France (Chevreux), Adriatic (Heller). -

30. Tryphosa Horringii. Boeck.

(PI. 27, fig. 2.)
Tryphosa Horingii, Boeck, Chrust. amphip. bor. & arct. p. 38.

Body less compressed than in the preceding species, the back being broadly
rounded. Ceplialon about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral
corners rather projecting and obtusely rounded at the tip. Coxal plates rather
large, 1st pair less concaved anteriorly, 4th pair angularly produced posteriorly
in their lower part, 5th pair fully as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates
of metasome rectangular, posterior edge slightly arched. First segment of

11 Crustacea.

78

nrosome deeply impressed at the base dorsally and having besides a very
conspicuous compressed hump-like projection angularly produced at the tip.
Eyes much larger than in the preceding species, oblong oval, somewhat wide-
ning below, pigment light red. Superior antennae with the peduncle compara-
tively thicker than in T. nana ; flagellum rather slender, about twice the length
of the peduncle, 11-articulate, 1st joint larger than in the latter species; ac-
cessory appendage half the length of the flagellum, 6-articulate, 1st joint the
largest. Inferior antenna? in female scarcely longer than the superior, flagel-
lum 13-articulate. Epistome considerably more projecting than in T. nana
and rounded in front. Anterior gnathopoda more slender than in the latter
species, propodos shorter than the carpus and nearly transversely truncated
at the tip, with 2 very conspicuous spines on the inferior corner. Posterior
gnathopoda likewise rather slender, propodos oblong oval and scarcely as broad
as the carpus. Pereiopoda comparatively .stronger than in T. nana, basal joint
of the last pair very large, rounded quadrangular. Last pair of uropoda
nearly as in the latter species, though the inner ramus appears a little
larger. Telson oblong oval, slightly tapering distally, with 3 pairs of dorsal
denticles, cleft very deep, almost extending to the base. Colour pale reddish
or carneous. Length of adult female 7 mm., of male 6 mm.

Remarks. The present species is nearly allied to the preceding one,
from which, however, it is readily distinguishable by the very conspicuous
triangular projection of the 1st segment of the urosome, as also by the larger
size of the eyes.

Occurrence. Unlike the preceding form this species is a true dee])
water form, occurring only in greater depths from 50 to 150 fathoms, especi-
ally in the region of the deep sea corals. I have collected it in several
partes of the west coast of Norway up to Lofoten, as also in the Trond-
hjemsfjord.

Distribution. East coast of North America, Labrador (Packard ;
Denmark (Meinert) ;Bohuslan (Gunhild's Expedition).

31. Tryphosa angulata, (I. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PL 28, fig. 1.)

Body somewhat shorter and stouter than in the 2 preceding species.
Cephalon rather deep, lateral corners distinctly angular and drawn out at the
tip to a short anterior directed tooth-like projection. Anterior coxal plates
scarcely twice as deep as the body; 1st pair distinctly concaved anteriorly,
4th pair angularly produced below the emargination, 5th pair about as deep

79

as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome rectangular, posterior
edge straight. First segment of iirosome exhibiting, as in T. Horrinyii, a rather
high and compressed dorsal projection, the tip of which, however, is distinctly
biangular. Eyes very large, nearly occupying the entire height of the cepha-
lon, narrow oblong in form, pigment light red. Superior antennae very slender,
with the peduncle narrower than usual; flagellum nearly twice its lengtlr
setous on the lower edge and 14-articulate, 1st joint scarcely as long as the
3 succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage about equalling '/s of the
length of the nagellum and composed of 5 articulations, the first of which
hardly exceeds in length the 2nd. Inferior antennas in female a little longer
than the superior, flagellum 15-articulate. Epistomal plate considerably pro-
jecting and quite evenly rounded in front. Anterior gnathopoda of the usual
slender form, propodos scarcely as long as the carpus, palmar edge oblique,
dactylus with a conspicuous secondary denticle. Posterior gnathopoda with
the propodos about as broad as the carpus. Pereiopoda rather slender, basal
joint of last pair large, oval in form. Last pair of uropuda with the inner
ramus scarcely longer than the basal joint of the outer and provided on tin-
inner edge with a single denticle. Telson oblong oval, gradually tapering
distally, with 3 or 4 pairs of dorsal denticles, cleft very narrow, fissure-like,
and extending considerably beyond the middle. Colour pale reddish. Length
of adult female 7 mm.

Remarks. Though in some points closely agreeing with T. HorrimjiL
this pretty species is at once distinguished both from that species and from
T. nana by the peculiar angulated form of the lateral corners of the cephalon,
as also by several other characters named in the above diagnosis.

Occurrence. The range of this species would seem to be more north-
ern than that of the 2 preceding ones. I have found it rather sparingly in a
few places off the coast of Nordland and Finmark and quite recently more
plentifully in the Trondhjemsfjord. It is a true deep water species, only oc-
curring in depths varying from 100 to 150 fathoms.

32. Tryphosa nanoides, (Lilljebori;

(PI. 28, fig 2.)
Anonyx nanoides, Lilljeborg, On the Lysianassa magellauica etc., p. 25, PI. Ill, lit,'. 32

Body rather slender and highly compressed. Cephalon scarcely longer
than the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners but slightly projecting and
rounded at the tip. Anterior coxal plates fully twice as deep as the body ;
1st pair with the anterior edge straight, 4th pair considerably expanded l>e-

80

low and angularly produced posteriorly, 5th pair a little more broad than deep,
with the posterior edge obtusely angulated on the middle. Last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome produced at the infero-lateral corners to a short and blunt
point, posterior edge arched. First segment of urosome deeply impressed dor-
sally and exhibiting below the depression a rounded carina advancing over
the succeeding segment. Eyes rather large, oval or reniform, pigment pale
red. Superior antennae with the peduncle rather thick and massive ; flagellum
scarcely twice as long and 11-articulate, 1st joint very large, about the length
of the 5 succeeding joints combined; accessory appendage exceeding half the
length of the fiagellum, 10-articulate, 1st joint considerably larger than any
of the others. Inferior antennae in female somewhat longer than the superior,
flagellum composed of about 22 articulations. Epistome forming a narrow
rounded lobe overhanging the anterior lip in front. Anterior gnathopoda of
the usual structure, propodos shorter than the carpus and transversely truncated
at the tip, inferior corner rectangular. Posterior gnathopoda very slender, pro-
podos oblong oval, about half the length of the carpus and scarcely as broad.
Pereiopoda slender, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs very large. Last pair
of uropoda larger than usual, inner ramus scarcely longer than the basal
joint of the outer, both provided on the inner edge near the tip with a few
small setse. Telson oblong oval, very slightly tapering distally, with 3 or 4
pairs of dorsal denticles, cleft very deep and narrow. Body whitish pellucid,
with a few scattered patches of a diffuse orange-coloured pigment. Length of
adult female 8 mm.

Remarks. - The present species, discovered by Prof. Lilljeborg, is
easily distinguishable from any of the preceding ones by the slender compres-
sed body, the form of the last pair of epimeral plates of metasome and by
the rounded dorsal carina of the 1st segment of the urosome. Moreover there
are in the anatomical details several well marked characters to distinguish
this species from the other northern forms of the genus.

Occurrence. - I have met with this species in several places off the
west coast of Norway, as also in Lofoten and off the Finmark coast, in depths
varying from 50 to 100 fathoms. Quite recently I collected a great number
of specimens in the Trondhjemsfjord from the back of a living skate (Raja
batis) just brought up by a fishing line from a depth of about 80 fathoms.

Distribution. -- Coast of Bohuslan (Bruzelius); Denmark (Meinert); Shet-
land isles (Norman) ; Greenland (Hansen); offJanMayen (Norw. North- Atlantic
Expedition).

81

Gen. 19. TryphositeS, G-. 0. Sars, n.
Syn : Typhosa. Boeck, (ex parte).

Body slender, with large coxal plates, the 1st pair of which does not
differ in form from the succeeding ones. Last pair of epimeral plates of meta-
some produced at the infero lateral-corners to a triangular upturned lobe.
Superior antennae slender, with the accessory appendage comparatively small.
Inferior antennae in female scarcely longer than the superior. Both pairs of
antennas, but especially the 2nd, greatly elongated in male. Epistome pro-
duced in the form of a lanceolate anteriorly pointing spine. Mandibles of mode-
rate size, molar expansion large and well developed, palp slender, originating
a little nearer the base than does the latter, terminal joint very narrow.
Maxillae about as in Tnjpliosa. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe very
large, oblong oval, slightly denticulated on the tip and inner edge ; palp reach-
ing but little beyond the latter, dactylus elongated, claw-like. Anterior gna-
thopoda of a similar slender form as in Tryplwsa. Posterior gnathopoda ra-
ther elongated; carpus very narrow, linear; propodos large, oblong, dilated at
the middle, tip not produced beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda unusu-
ally slender and elongated, especially those of the posterior pairs, the basal
joint of which is greatly expanded. Last pair of uropoda rather large, con-
siderably projecting beyond the preceding pair, rami denticulated and setous
in both sexes. Telson deeply cleft, each of the terminal lobes armed at the
tip with 3 denticles.

Remarks. The type of this genus is Anonyx longipes Sp. Bate,
which was referred by Boeck to his genus Tnjpliosa, though he remarks that
it differs markedly from the other species in the form of the epistome, so as
perhaps more properly to be generically separated. Such a separation 1 think
is in fact fully justified, since this form also differs from the species of 7Y//-
pliosa in several other characters of apparently generical value.

33. Tryphosites longipes, (Sp. Bate).

(PI. 28, fig. 3, PL 29 fig. 1.)

Anonyx loiujipes, Sp. Bate. Catalogue of the Amphipoda in the British Museum, p. T'.i, pi. XIII, rig

Syn: Anonyx ampulla, Sp. Bate (not Phipps) cf.

Body rather compressed and of slender and elegant form. Cephaloii
less deep than usual, lateral corners somewhat produced and acute at the tip.
Anterior coxal plates more than twice as deep as the body; 1st pair slight ly
concaved at the anterior edge; 4th pair considerably expanded below and an

82

gularly produced posteriorly; 5th pair not very large, much more broad than
deep. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome with the posterior lobe sharply
pointed. First segment of urosome without any dorsal projection. Eyes of
moderate size, oval, pigment light red. Superior antennae in female about the
length of the cephalon and the 3 first segments of mesosome combined; peduncle
not very tumeficated; flagellum more than twice its length and composed of
about 18 articulations, the 1st of which is very large ; accessory appendage
scarcely x /4 as long as the flagellum and 5-articulate. Same antennae in male
nearly twice as long, flagellum very slender and composed of about 30 arti-
culations. Inferior antennae in female scarcely as long as the superior, flagel-
lum 15-articulate ; in male very elongated, exceeding the length of the whole
body, peduncular joints rather dilated, flagellum extremely slender, filiform.
Epistomal spine considerably projecting beyond the edge of the anterior coxal
plates. Anterior gnathopoda slender and feeble in structure, propodos much
shorter than the carpus and nearly of uniform breadth throughout, palmar
edge somewhat oblique. Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos a little short-
er than the carpus, oblong oval, or nearly fusiform, superior edge straight,
inferior one bulging out at the middle. Anterior pereiopoda densely setous
on the posterior edge ; the 3 posterior pairs, but especially the 2 last ones,
extremely slender and elongate, with the propodal joint very narrow, and the
dactylus straight and setiform. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus
longer than the basal joint of the outer, terminal joint of the latter spiniform;
penultimate pair with the inner ramus deeply incised near the tip and bear-
ing immediately above the incision a slender spine. Telson. oblong, only slightly
tapering distally, with 3 pairs of dorsal denticles, the middle one rather elon-
gated, cleft extending far beyond the middle and gradually widening poster-
iorly, apical denticles of each terminal lobe diminishing in length inwards.
Body whitish pellucid, with reddish brown intestine ; ova in the marsupial
pouch orange-coloured. Length of adult female 12 mm; of male about
the same.

Remarks. This is the only as yet known species of the genus; for
none of the earlier described forms of Lysianassidae can properly be referred
to it, at least so far as our present knowledge of them goes.

Occurrence. - - Off the coast of Norway this is one of the commonest
Lysianassidae, often occurring in considerable numbers at depths varying from
20 to 100 fathoms. I have met with it in numerous places both on the south
and west coast, as also along the whole coasts of Nordland and Finmark up
to the Varangerfjord.

Distribution. - -Denmark, British Isles, west coast of France (Chevreux) ;
Mediterranem (found bytte author at Naples).

83

Gen. 20. Pseudotryphosa, G-. 0. Sars, n.

Syn: Trypliosa, Stebbing (ex parte).

Body rather tliickish, with the anterior coxal plates comparatively small
and densely crowded together. Metasome powerfully developed, with large
epimeral plates. Eyes imperfectly developed. Antennae rather elongated but
powerful in structure, inferior ones somewhat longer than the superior, fla-
gella provided in both sexes with wery distinct alternating calceolae. Kpi-
stome not projecting in front of the broadly rounded anterior lip. Posterior
lip membranous, with narrowly produced diverging lateral corners. Mandibles
rather strong, molar expansion well developed, palp moderately slender and
originating at about the same level as the latter. Maxillae about as in Tn/-
pliosa. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe short and broad, scarcely reach-
ing the end of the antepenultimate joint of the palp; the latter rather robust,
with the terminal joint claw-like. Anterior gnathopoda much stronger than

in the 2 preceding genera ; propodos rather large, imperfectly siibcheliform,
the palmar edge being not distinctly defined ; dactylus very elongated and
curved. Posterior gnathopoda slender, propodos gradually widening distally
and not produced at the tip beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda power-
fully developed, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs large and laminar, suc-
cessively increasing in size posteriorly. Last pair of uropoda considerably
projecting beyond the preceding pair, both rami lanceolate and setous on the
inner edge. Telson large, gradually tapering distally and deeply cleft.

Remarks. --I have felt justified in establishing this new genus to include
the remarkable form previously characterized by me under the name of Icli-
nopus umbonatus. The closer anatomical examination of this form, instituted
subsequently, has indeed shown it to be very different from Idniopit* and not
to be properly referred to any of the previously established genera. Besides
this species, the form described by the Rev. Mr. Stebbing from the Challenger
Expedition as Trypliosa antetmipotens quite undoubtedly belongs to the same genus.

34. Pseudotryphosa umbonata. G-. 0. Sars.

(PI. 29, fig. 2.)
Ichtiopus umbonatus, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer I, p. 79, PI. 3. fig. 2.

Body somewhat tumid, with the back broadly rounded. Cephahm

' about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners drawn out to

an acute point. First pair of coxal plates very small, scarcely deeper ilian

the corresponding segment, and tapering inferiorly ; the 3 succeeding pairs

somewhat deeper than the body; 4th pair deeply emarginated pnst.-rinrly and pro-

84

duced below the emargination to a sharp corner; 5th pair rather large, much
more broad than deep, and exhibiting on the middle a very conspicuous trans-
versal umboniform eminence. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome not
produced at the infero-lateral corners and nearly rectangular. First segment
of urosome without any dorsal projection, but slightly impressed at the base.
Eyes inconspicuous in spirit-specimens. Superior antennae about the length of
the 5 anterior segments of mesosome combined; 1st joint of the peduncle elon-
gated, more than twice as long as the other 2 combined and of uniform breadth
throughout; flagellum of rather coarse structure, about twice the length of
the peduncle and composed af about 25 joints, the 1st of which is by far the
largest; accessory appendage scarcely l /z as long as the flagellum, very narrow,
almost setiform, and composed of 6 articulations subequal in size. Inferior an-
tennae a little longer than the superior, last joint of the peduncle longer than the
preceding one, flagellum more slender than that of the superior and composed of
about 23 articulations. Anterior gnathopoda with thepropodos about twice as long
as the carpus, oblong oval, palmar edge very oblique and scarcely defined below,
dactylus about half the length of the propodos. Posterior gnathopoda with the pro-
podos a little broader than the carpus and about half its length. Basal joint of the
last pair of pereiopoda broadly oval, more than twice as large as that of the ante-
penultimate pair. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus a little shorter than
the outer, terminal joint of the latter rather small. Telson fully twice as long
as broad at the base, gradually tapering, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles,
cleft extending far beyond the middle, very narrow, fissure-like. Colour whit-
ish. Length of the only specimen procured 11 mm.

Remarl'S. I have been in some doubt about the sex of the specimen
examined and, having not found any distinct incubatory lamellae, have signed
it on the plate as a male, thus believing the calceolae of the antennas to be
a peculiar masculine character. The Rev. Mr. Stebbing has, however, on the
plate representing his species Trypliosa antennipotens determined the specimen
as a female, though it has the antennae provided with calceolae in exactly
the same manner as the Norwegian specimen. It would thus appear that in
this genus, as is the case with Ichnopus, both sexes are provided with those
peculiar appendages. From the Challenger species the present form is easily
recognized, not only by the peculiar umboniform eminence of the 5th pair of
coxal plates, but also by the absolute want of any dorsal projection of the 1st
segment of the urosome.

Occurrence. - The above described specimen was collected many years
ago at Hvitingso, west coast of Norway, from a depth of about 150 fathoms.

Distribution. Skagerak (Gunhilds Expedition), 1 specimen collected
at a depth of 400 to 420 fathoms.

85

Gen. 21. Euryporeia, G. o.

Syn: Eurytenes, Lilljeborg (not Foreter).

Body large and massive, with, comparatively low coxal plates. (Vphalon

short and broad, only very little produced at the lateral conn-is and m-arlv
entirely exposed together with the large and protruding huccal mass. Meta-
some and urosorae both powerfully developed. Eyes with imperfectly <!<-
veloped visual elements. Superior antennae of moderate length, peduncle not
very tumeficated, flagellum composed of numerous short articulations; accessory
appendage well developed. Inferior antennae in female much longer than the
superior, basal joint very large and globular, flagellum slender and mult iaii i-
culate. Epistome not defined from the anterior lip, both together forming a
broadly rounded prominence in front of the buccal area. Posterior lip large,
membranous, lobes insinuated at the tip. Mandibles very strong, cutting edge
broad and straight, molar expansion large and protruding, palp not very
elongate, originating nearer the extremity of the mandible than does the latter.
First pair of maxillae with the masticatory lobe large and massive, oblique! y
truncated and armed with strong denticulated spines, basal lobe small, Avilli
numerous plumose setas on the rounded extremity, palp very narrow, not ex-
panded at the tip. Second pair of maxillse with the inner lobe much shorter
than the outer, both densely setous. Maxillipeds strong, masticatory lobe
broadly oval not reaching beyond the antepenultimate joint of the palp, the
latter very large, with the joints considerably expanded and densely setous,
terminal joint claw-like. Anterior gnathopoda short and stout, propodos ta-
pering distally and having a distinctly defined palmar edge. Posterior gnatho-
poda extremely slender, propodos nearly linear and but little produced at the
tip beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda comparatively short and stout,
basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs moderately expanded, meral joint of those
legs rather large and angularly produced posteriorly. Last pair of uropoda
considerably projecting beyond the preceding pairs, rami foliaceous and densely
setous on the inner edge. Telson very elongate, conically tapering distally,

and deeply cleft.

Remarks. In 1865 Prof. Lilljeborg established this genns to include
the remarkable gigantic form described by Milne Edwards under the name of
Lysianassa magellanica. The denomination Euriff<'n<' proposed by him having,
however, been before adopted for a genus of Hymenoptera, [ have changed the
latter half of the compound, still conserving tin- signiticatimi of the
name as intended by Prof. Lilljeborg. The genus would seem to combine some
characters of the genera Auoni/.r and OHMI'DHI*, still exhibiting a number of
characters of its own.

12 Crustacea.

86

35. Euryporeia gryllus, (Mandt).

(PI. 39.)

Lysiannsm gryllns, Mandt, Observationes in historiam naturalem in itinere Groenlandico faetre

1822. p. 34.

Syn: Lysianassa magellanica, M. JM\v.

Body rather thickset and strongly built, with broadly rounded back
and the segments very sharply demarcated. Cephalon shorter than the 1st
segment of mesosome, rather tumid, nearly globular, lateral corners very small
and narrowly, rounded. First pair of coxal plates extremely small, rounded,
leaving the lateral faces of the cephalon uncovered; the 3 succeeding pairs
successively increasing in size ; 4th pair a little deeper than the body, rather
expanded below and angularly produced posteriorly; 5th pair nearly twice as
broad as deep. Last segment of metasome provided with a very conspicuous
dorsal indentation at some distance from the base, epimeral plates rounded at
the infero-lateral corners. First segment of urosome with a similar dorsal in-
dentation as in the preceding segment. Eyes irregularly lageniform, being con-
stricted at the middle and having the inferior part expanded to two diverging
lobes ; pigment light orange-coloured. Superior antennae about twice the length
of the cephalon, 1st joint of the peduncle somewhat longer than the other 2
combined; flagellum nearly three times as long as the peduncle and composed
of about 30 articulations, the 1st of which is very large ; accessory appendage
about half the length of the flagellum and 10-articulate, 1st joint the largest.
Inferior antennae nearly twice the length of the superior, last joint of the
peduncle longer than the preceding one; flagellum very slender, densely setous
on the posterior edge and composed of about 50 articulations. Anterior gnatho-
poda with the propodos longer than the carpus, palmar edge somewhat oblique
and denned below by a well marked angle. Posterior gnathopoda fully twice
the length of the anterior; propodos somewhat shorter and much narrower
than the carpus, both densely setous. Pereiopoda with numerous tufts of small
setae on the edges; basal joint of 3rd pair very broad, nearly elliptical in
form, that of the 2 posterior pairs more regularly oval; meral joint in both
these and the 3rd pair very large and expanded, terminating posteriorly with a
pointed deflexed lobe. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus somewhat shorter
than the outer, terminal joint of the latter very small, aculeiform. Telson
nearly extending to the tip of the last pair of uropoda, conico-acuminate in
form, and without any denticles, cleft extending far beyond the middle, very
narrow, fissure-like. Colour 1 rosy with a yellowish tinge, edges of the

1 According to the statements of Dr. E. Chevrenx.

87^

legs beautifully vermilion -coloured. Length of an adult female specimen
62 mm.

Eemarks. - There cannot now, 1 think, he any doubt that this form
is in reality identical with the Lysianavsu- /(i</<'//<i>/fca of Milne Edwards, al-
though the occurrence of one and the same species both in the Arctic and Ant-
arctic seas would seem to be highly perplexing. The recent discovery of this
species, during the American Expedition of Albatross and the French Ex-
pedition of Hirondelle, in the great deeps of the Atlantic at intermediate
latitudes would seem still more to confirm the correctness of the above identi-
fication.

Occurrence. - - All the specimens preserved in our Museum have been
extracted from the stomach of large sharks (Scymnus borealis), and as some
of these sharks notoriously were captured off the coast of Finmark, the species
may properly be referred to the Norwegian fauna, though it probably lives
outside the great fishing banks. Through the kindness of Mr. Schneider, cura-
tor of the Tromso Museum, I have had an opportunity of examining 2 speci-
mens procured by him, both of which were in an excellent state of preserv
ation, even still exhibiting the ocular pigment nearly unaltered. From one
of these specimens the habitus figure here given has been drawn, and from the
other the anatomical details.

Distribution. - - Antarctic Ocean off Cape Horn, fromthe belly of a large
fish; Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, from the stomach of sharks; At-
lantic, off the east coast of North America (Smith), and off the Azores (Chev-
reux), collected from very great deeps.

Gen. 22. AnonyX, Kroyer.

Body moderately slender, with the coxal plates of middle sixe. 1st
pair well developed and widening below. Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome produced at the infero-lateral corners to a triangular upturned lobe.
Superior antennae with the peduncle considerably tumeficated, nagellum more
or less slender, accessory appendage well developed. Inferior antenna', as a
rule, somewhat longer than the superior, in male about twice as long as in
female. Flagella of both pairs of antennae in male provided willi very large
and conspicuous calceola?. Epistome not at all projecting. Anterior lip produced

88

in front to a compressed linguiform lobe, posterior lip rather large, mem
branous. Mandibles very powerful, cutting edge provided at the inner corner
with one or two secondary teeth, molar expansion rather prominent, with the
tip conically produced and densely ciliated ; palp shorter than the mandible
and originating much nearer its extremity than does the latter. First pair of
maxillse with the masticatory lobe rather large, obliquely truncated and armed
with strong denticulated spines; basal lobe small, bisetose; palp large, spathu-
late, and armed on the terminal edge with short aculei. Second pair of max-
illa? with the inner lobe much smaller than the outer. Maxillipeds large,
masticatory lobe broadly oval, not reaching to the end of the antepenultimate
joint of the palp; the latter robust, with the terminal joint claw-shaped. An-
terior gnathopoda short and stout, distinctly subcheliform, the propodos being
nearly transversely truncated at the tip, dactylus short and simple. Posterior
gnathopoda moderately slender, propodos oval, slightly produced at the tip be-
neath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda rather elongate, basal joint of the 3
posterior pairs successively increasing in size. Branchial lamellae large and
distinctly plicated transversally on both sides. Last pair of uropoda consi-
derably projecting be} T ond the preceding pair, rami lanceolate, denticulated
and setous on the edges. Telson of moderate size, deeply cleft,

Remarks. In the restricted sense in which the genus is here taken,
it only comprises one of the Kroyerian species, viz., his Anonyx lagena. An-
other nearly related species discovered by Boeck, A. Lilljeborgii, will be de-
scribed together with the type species in the sequel. Besides, 3 other forms
may without any doubt be adduced to the same genus, viz., A. ampulloides
Sp. Bate, A. Zsclimdi Pfeffer, and Lysianassa Martensi Groes. Probably also
several other exotic forms may on closer examination be found to belong to
the present genus.

36. Anonyx nugax, (Phipps).

(PI. 31.)

('/nicer niifjajr, Phipps, Voyage au Pole boreale, p. 192, PI. 1'2, fig. :\.
Syn : Anonyx ampulla, Kroyer (not Phipps).
Anonyx lagena, Kroyer.
Anonyx appendiculosus, Kroyer (male).

Body not very high in proportion to its length, back evenly vaulted.
Cephalon about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners but
slightly produced and rounded at the tip. Anterior coxal plates not twice as
deep as the body, in male considerably narrower than in female; 1st pair

89

rather expanded below, 4th pair deeply emarginated posteriorly and forming
below the emargination a sharp corner, 5th pair comparatively small and
more broad than deep. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome with the
terminal lobe sharply pointed. First segment of nrosome scarcely impivs-.-d
dorsally. Eyes lageniform, distinctly constricted at the middle and consider-
ably dilated below, in male much larger than in female; pigment in both sexes
very dark, black. Superior antennae in female about the length of the eepha-
lon and the 2 first segments of mesosome combined, 1st joint of the peduncle,
very large; flagellum somewhat longer than the peduncle and composed of
about 15 joints, the 1st of which is about as long as the 5 succeeding ones
combined; accessory appendage more than half the length of the flagellum
and 8-articulate, 1st joint the largest. Inferior antennae considerably longer
than the superior, antepenultimate joint of the peduncle rather thick and
scarcely shorter than the penultimate; flagellum slender and composed of
about 23 articulations. Anterior gnathopoda strong, propodos longer than the
carpus l and nearly of uniform breadth throughout, palmar edge transversal
and defined below by a right-angled corner. Posterior gnathopoda with the
propodos about half the length of the carpus and oval in form. The 2 post-
erior pairs of pereiopoda nearly equal in length and considerably longer than
the 3rd pair. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus somewhat longer
than the basal joint of the outer; both rami in male larger than in female.
Telson oblong quadrangular, only slightly tapering distally, with 2 pairs of
dorsal denticles; cleft extending beyond the middle, and somewhat widening
below; terminal lobes obtuse at the tip, forming exteriorly a projecting angle
inside which occurs a small denticle. Colour (in Norwegian specimens) whitish,
each segment exhibiting dorsally a transversal yellowish band. Usual length
of adult female 18 mm.; maximum length of arctic specimens 40 mm.

Bemarks. - There cannot, I think, be any doubt that the Cancer nu-
yax of Phipps is the present species, and as that name is much elder than
any of the specific appellations proposed by Kroyer, it ought certainly to be
retained for the species under consideration. Arctic specimens would seem to
differ from those met with off the Norwegian coast, not only by their much
larger size and by the above mentioned somewhat different proportion between
the carpus and propodos of the anterior gnathopoda, but also by the colour, which.
according to a coloured drawing made during the Norwegian North Atlantic
Expedition, is a light claret-red.

Occurrence. The species would seem to occur along the whole coast

1 In arctic specimens the carpus appears generally larger, being often as long as the pro-
podos and much broader.

90

of Norway in depths varying from 20 to 300 fathoms, but is by far most
frequently met with in the arctic region, off the coast of Nordland and Fin-
mark, where it also reaches a much larger size than farther south.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean, widely distributed: Greenland, Spits-
bergen, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Arctic America, Frantz Josephs Land, the Barents
Sea, the Murman coast, the Kara Sea, the Siberian Polar Sea, the Behring
strait; the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, in numerous places, down
to 058 fathoms; Bohuslan (Bruzelius); Shetland Isles (Norman).

37. Anonyx Lilljeborgii, Boeck.

(PI. 32, fig. 1.)
Anonyx Lilljeborgii, Boeck, Crust, amphip. bor. & arct. p. 29.

In general appearence very like the preceding species, but somewhat
more slender and with the coxal plates comparatively smaller. Cephalon with
the lateral corners a little more produced and narrowly rounded at the tip.
First pair of coxal plates less dilated in their inferior part, 4th pair but little
deeper than the body. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome with the
terminal lobe comparatively smaller than in the preceding species and less
acute. First segment of urosome deeply impressed dorsally. Eyes rather
large, oblong reniform, gradually somewhat dilated below, pigment brownish
red. Superior antennae comparatively shorter than in the preceding species,
peduncle less tumeficated; fla.gellum 14-articulate, 1st joint about the length
of the 3 succeeding ones combined ; accessory appendage about half the length
of the nagellum and 6-articulate. Inferior antennae but very little longer than
the superior, nagellum composed of about 15 articulations. Anterior gnatho-
poda less robust than in the type species, propodos about the length of the
carpus and gradually tapering to the transversely truncated extremity. Post-
erior gnathopoda very slender, propodos narrower than in the said species
and more distinctly produced at the tip beneath the dactylus. The 2 anterior
pairs of pereiopoda with a very conspicuous obtuse denticle at the end of the
propodos immediately below the dactylus, the 3 posterior pairs comparatively
less elongated. Last pair of uropoda with the rami considerably narrower
than in the preceding species and having a less number of marginal denticles.
Telson a little longer in proportion to its breadth, otherwise very like that
in the preceding species. Length of adult female 11 mm.

ErmarJcs. This species is very nearly allied to A. nugax, though
differing somewhat in several of the structural details. I have not myself
met with it, but have had an opportunity to examine a rather well preserved

91

specimen in our University Museum and another from the Museum in Bergen,
botli of which closely agreed with each other. Moreover the dissections made
by Boeck of his type specimen have been preserved in our collection, and
from these the detail-figures here given were drawn.

Occurrence. According to Boeck, this species has been found bv him
off the west coast of Norway, at Hvitingso and Skudesna?s in a deptli of l!0
-70 fathoms. His statements of its occurrence at Utne in Hardangerfjonl
and Brettesnses in Lofoten seem, on the other hand, to have been based on a
wrong determination. The above mentioned specimen in the Bergen Museum
was collected by Dr. Danielssen at Molde. Out of Norway it lias not vet
been recorded.

Gen. 24. Hoplonyx, G. 0. Sars, n.
Syn: Anonyx, Kroyev (ex parte).

Body moderately slender, with the coxal plates comparatively larger
than in Anonyx. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome with the infero-
lateral corners more or less produced. Eyes, when present, subsigmoid in form,
their upper part being, as a rule, very narrow, whereas the lower part is
considerably dilated posteriorly. Superior antennse about as in Anonym ; in-
ferior ones, as a rule, considerably longer than the superior; calceolae in male
not nearly so large and conspicuous as in Anonyx. Epistome more or less
projecting and rounded in front. Mandibles without any secondary teeth on
the cutting edge, molar expansion large and obliquely truncated; palp rather
slender, originating nearly at the same level as the latter. First pair of max -
illas about as in Anonyx, 2nd pair with the lobes somewhat more elongated.
Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe rather large, oblong oval and reaching
to the end of the antepenultimate joint of the palp; the latter comparative!} 7
less robust than in Anonyx. Anterior gnathopoda very slender, with tin-
ischial joint unusually elongated, propodos oblong oval, with the palmar edge
very oblique and not distinctly defined below, dactylus rather elongated, mi-
nutely denticulated inside and having beyond the middle a very distinct se-
condary tooth and a few setee, apex composed of 2 juxtaposed pointed lamella'.
Posterior gnathopoda of the usual slender form, propodos not at all produced
at the tip beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda about as in AIUM/I.'
branchial lamellae, however, simple, not plicated. Last pair of nropodu con-

92

siderably projecting beyond the preceding pair, rami minutely denticulated and,
as a rule, densely setous on the inner edge. Telson oblong, deeply cleft.

Remarks. I have felt justified in establishing this new genus to include
several nearly allied forms which, though evidently specifically distinct, yet
agree in all essential anatomical characters very closely with the species gen-
erally known under the Kroyerian name Anonyx gulosus. On comparing the
anatomy of this latter form with that of Anonyx nugax, the type of the genus
Anonyx as restricted by Boeck, several very marked differences apparently
of generic value will be found to exist. Thus, the epistome is distinctly pro-
jecting, though rounded in front, and the mandibles rather differently constructed,
w T hich is also partly the case with the 2nd pair of maxillse and the maxilli-
peds. The most striking difference, however, consists in the structure of the
anterior gnathopoda, which are much more slender than in Anonyx and exhi-
bit a rather different proportion of the several joints. Moreover the dactylus
of these limbs exhibits a very peculiar and complicated structure, which has
given rise to the generic denomination here proposed. In all those points
there is a perfect concordance between the different species of the present
genus. Their number would seem to be rather large. In the following pages
will be described no less than 6 Norwegian species, to which, moreover, comes
the Anonyx cicadoides, described by the Rev. Mr. Stebbing from the Challenger
Expedition.

38. Hoplonyx cicada, (Fabr.)

(PL 32, fig. 2.)

Oiiifscus cicada, O. Fabr., Fauna Groenlandira. No. 233.
Syn: Anonyx gulosus, Kroyer.

norvegicus, Lilljeborg.

Holbolli, Sp. Bate (not Kroyer).

Body somewhat tumid, with broadly rounded back. Cephalon longer
than the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners but very slightly projecting
and rounded at the tip. Anterior coxal plates more than twice as deep as
the body and increasing successively in size posteriorly ; 4th pair produced
below 'the posterior emargination to a rather narrow lobe, obtuse at the tip ;
5th pair rather large, nearly as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates
of metasome nearly rectangular, infero-lateral corners drawn out to a very
short point. First segment of urosome without any distinct dorsal depression.
Eyes not very large, superior part narrow linear, inferior transversely oval,
pigment bright red. Superior antennae about the length of the cephalon and

03

the 2 first segments of mesnsome combined, peduncle rather thick, with the
1st joint more than twice the length of the other 2 combined; flagellnm not
quite twice the length of the peduncle, 16- articulate, 1st joint comparatively
short, scarcely as long at the o succeeding ones combined ; accessory appen-
dage not quite half as long as the flagellum and 7-articulate. Inferior
antennse in female half as long again as the superior, flagellum oompo-ed
of abont 28 articulations. Epistome but slightly projecting in front of the
anterior lip. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos as long as the carpus,
palmar edge somewhat arcuate and finely serrated but not defined below by
any trace of angle. Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos half as long as
the carpus. The 2 posterior pairs of pereiopoda rather elongated, witli the
basal joint of moderate size. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ram us
scarcely longer than the basal joint of the outer. Telson not fully twice as
long as broad, slightly tapering distally, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles,
cleft very narrow, extending almost to the base. Body cream-coloured with
a faint rosy tinge, dorsal part of body-segments bright apple-red ; ova in the
marsupial pouch dark violet. Length of adult female 18 mm.

Eemarlis. I think the Rev. Mr. Stebbing is quite right in restoring
the specific name at first given to this form by 0. Fabricins. The identity
of the Oniscns cicada of that author with Anony.r gnlosus (Kroyer) seems in
fact to be beyond any doubt, and Kroyer himself has also suggested the same.
It is the type of the present genus.

Occurrence. - - This is by far the commonest of all the Norwegian
Lysianassidse, occurring very frequently along the whole coast, from ( 1 hristi-
ania to Vadso, in depths varying from 20 to 200 fathoms. I have taken
this form in quite extraordinary numbers in small crab-pots baited with
dead fish, and also on the body itself of dead fishes fastened on the
fishing lines it may often be found clinging in innumerable swarms.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean, widely distributed: Greenland, Spits-
bergen,- Iceland, Matotschkin Skar, the Kara Sea; Norwegian North-Atlan-
tic Expedition in several places, down to a depth of <>4l) fathoms; British
Isles, Bohuslan.

39. Hoplonyx similis, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 33, fig. 1).

. Very like the preceding species, but the body somewhat less robust
and more compressed. Cephalon about the length of the 1st segment of
mesosome, lateral corners distinctly angular at the tip. Anterior coxal plates

13 Crustacea.

94

about twice as deep as the body; 1st pair tapering inferiorly, tip narrowly
rounded; 4th pair witli the posterior expansion shorter and broader than
in H. cicada and obliquely truncated at the tip; 5th pair rounded, quadran-
gular and about as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome
produced at the lateral corners to a sharp acuminated projection, posterior
edge slightly flexuous. First segment of urosome distinctly depressed at the
base dorsally. Eyes pronounced sigmoid in form, upper part very narrow,
lower rather expanded and forming nearly a right angle with the former, pig-
ment bright red. Superior antennae in female rather slender, about the length
of the cephalon and the 3 first segments of mesosome combined; flagellum
more than twice the length of the peduncle and composed of about 20 arti-
culations, the 1st of which is rather large, about equal in length to the 4
succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage scarcely attaining one third of the
length of the flagellum and G-articulate. Inferior antennae but little longer
than the superior, flagellum composed of about 24 articulations. Epistome
somewhat more projecting than in the type species, but broadly rounded in
front. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos a little longer than the carpus,
palmar edge slightly flexuous and defined below by an obtuse angle. Posterior
gnathopoda with the propodos rather short, oval, scarcely half the length of
the carpus, dactylus small. Pereiopoda about as in H. cicada. Last pair of
uropoda with the inner ramus distinctly longer than the basal joint of the
outer. Telson rather narrow, about twice as long as broad, and having only
a single pair of dorsal denticles. Body pellucid, with a faint tinge of pale
reddish yellow. Length of adult female 14 mm.

J!( j Hirks. Though at the first sight very like H. cicada, this species
may on closer examination be readily distinguished by the somewhat different
form of the cephalon, of the 4th pair of coxal plates and of the last pair of
epimeral plates of the metasome. Moreover the superior antenna? are compa-
ratively rather more slender and especially distinguished by the considerably
larger size of the 1st joint of the flagellum.

Occurrence This species is not nearly so frequently met with as
the preceding one. Yet it would seem to occur along the whole West coast
of Norway, at least up to the Trondhjemsfjord, in depths varying from 50 to
150 fathoms. On the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition it was collected
rather plentifully in the outer part of the Sognefjord at Stat. 8. It was,
lio\v<-ver, at that time confounded with H. cicada.

95

40. Hoplonyx acutus, (I. (). Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 33, fig. 2).

Body somewhat more robust than in the last species, with liro;idlv
rounded back. Cephalon about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome,
lateral corners greatly produced and acuminate at the tip. Anterior coxa!
plates scarcely twice as deep as the body, but considerably broader than in
the 2 preceding species; 1st pair not tapering below, anterior edge concaved;
the 2 succeeding pairs widening distally; 5th pair considerably expanded in
their lower part and projecting posteriorly as a rather narrow obtusely acu-
minated lobe; 5th pair a little more broad than deep. Last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome rectangular, lateral corners but very slightly produce I,
posterior edge nearly straight. First segment of urosome not distinctly depres-
sed dorsally. Eyes about as in N. similis. Superior antennae in female
rather slender, flagellum about twice the length of the peduncle and composed
of about 15 articulations, the 1st of which is rather large, almost equalling
in length the 5 succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage nearly half
the length of the flagellum and G-articulate. Inferior antennae distinctly
longer than the superior, nagellum composed of about 24 articulations. An-
terior gnathopoda with the propodos somewhat longer thani the carpus, pal-
mar edge nearly straight and defined below by an obtuse angle. Posterior
gnathopoda with the propodos fully half the length of the carpus, somewhat
dilated distally and obliquely truncated at the tip, dactylus stronger than
usual. Pereiopoda about as in the 2 preceding species. Last pair of umpoda
with the rami nearly equal in length. Telson rather narrow, fully twice as
long as broad and having 2 pairs of dorsal denticles. Colour pale yellowish
with a faint reddish tinge ; ova in the marsupial pouch orange-coloured.
Length of adult female 13 mm.

Remarks. - - The present species may be readily distinguished liy the
greatly projecting and acuminate lateral corners of the cephalon, as also by
the form of the 4 anterior pairs of coxal plates and of the last epimeral
plates of the metasome. Otherwise it is very nearly allied to the 2 preced-
ing species.

Occurrence. Last summer I collected several specimens of this form,
both male and female, in the Trondhjemsfjord at Vemnrs. They were picked
up from a dead fish fastened on a fishing line let down in a depth of alxmt
150 fathoms. It would also seem to occur off the west coast of Norway, as
I have found some specimens among the vast material of // c inn In 1 col-
lected in different localities and at different times, but the exact locality 1
cannot yet state with certainty.

96

41. Hoplonyx albidus, G-. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 33, fig. 3.)

Body rather short and stout, though somewhat compressed. Cephalon
about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners but very
little projecting and nearly rectangular. Anterior coxal plates rather large,
more than twice as deep as the body ; 1st pair tapering below, with the
extremity narrowly rounded; 4th pair with the posterior expansion rather
short and broad, obliquely truncated at the tip ; 5th pair about as deep as
broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome rectangular, not at all
produced at the lateral corners, posterior edge straight. First segment of
urosome deeply depressed at the base dorsally. Eyes much larger than in
any of the other species and less distinctly sigmoid in form, visual elements
indistinct, pigment light red. Superior antenna? in female comparatively less
slender than in the 2 preceding species, flagellum not quite half the length
of the peduncle and composed of about 15 articulations, the 1st of which
somewhat exceeds in length the 3 succeeding ones combined ; accessory appen-
dage about half the length of the flagellum and 8-articulate. Inferior antennae
considerably longer than the superior, flagellum composed of about 28 articu-
lations. Epistome considerably projecting in front of the anterior lip and
obtusely angulated. Anterior gnathopoda somewhat less elongated than in
the other species, propodos scarcely longer than the carpus, palmar edge
indistinctly denned below. Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos rather
narrow, not widening distally and exceeding the half length of the carpus,
dactylus rather small. Pereiopoda comparatively shorter than in the preced-
ing species, especially the 3 posterior pairs, the basal joint of which is very
large, nearly equalling in length the remainder part of the leg. Last pair
of uropoda with the rami somewhat broader than in the other species, the
inner shorter than the outer. Telson likewise broader, not twice as long as
broad, and having 2 pairs of dorsal denticles. Colour uniformly whitish,
without any reddish tinge ; ova in the marsupial pouch bright red. Length
of adult female 12 mm.

Remarks. - This form may be easily distinguished from the other species
of the genus by its comparatively robust body, the form of the cephalon,
the unusually deep coxal plates, the absolute want of any projection on the
last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome, and the deep dorsal impres-
sion on the 1st segment of the urosome. In its living state it is moreover
at once recognised by its uniform whitish colour and the very large
bright red eyes.

97

Occurrence. - I have only met with this pretty species in the region
of the deep sea corals at depths varying from 80 to 150 fathoms. It would
seem to occur in several places off the West coast of Norway and so far
North as Selsovig in Nordland, lying exactly in the latitude of the polar
circle. In the Trondhjemsfjord I have found it in g Tea t abundance, especially
in the steep slope of the bottom where the Pamyorgia arlorea grows.

4-2. Hoplonyx leucophthalmus, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 34, fig. 1.)

Body considerably more slender than in the last species and rather
compressed. Cephalon a little longer than the 1st segment of mesosome,
lateral corners somewhat projecting and obtusely angular at the tip. An-
terior coxal plates about twice as deep as the body and successively increasing
in size posteriorly; 1st pair narrowly rounded at the tip; 4th pair with the
posterior expansion rather broad and obliquely truncated at the tip; 5th pair
about as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome produced
at the lateral corners to a sharp point. First segment of urosome but slightly
depressed dorsally. Eyes narrow, sigmoid in form and without any distinct
visual elements, so that they quite disappear in alcoholic specimens, pigment
whitish. Superior antennae in female rather slender, longer than the cephalon
and the 3 first segments of mesosome combined, flagellum nearly 3 times as long
as the peduncle and composed of about 18 articulations, the 1st of which
equals in length the 4 succeeding ones combined ; accessory appendage scarcely
attaining one third of the length of the nagellum and (J-articulate. TCpistome con-
siderably projecting in front of the anterior lip and evenly rounded. Anterior
gnathopoda rather slender, propodos about the length of the carpus, palmar
edge somewhat flexuous and defined below by an indistinct obtuse angle.
Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos short and broad, oval, not attaining
half the length of the carpus. Pereiopoda rather slender and elongated, penul-
timate pair the longest. Last pair of uropoda with the inner rainiis shorter
than the outer. Telson not nearly twice as long as broad and having but a
single pair of dorsal denticles. Colour pale reddish yellow, with a more
distinct pinkish tinge on the anterior part of the body. Length of adult
female 15 mm.

Remarks. - In the living state this form is at once reeogni/ed from
any of the other species by its light coloured, nearly pure whitish eye-, which
are without any trace of distinctly developed visual elements. In its anatomical
details it otherwise exhibits a very close relationship to If.

98

Occurrence. I have met with this species in 2 widely distant locali-
ties, viz., in the inner part of the Hardangerfjord, at Utne, and in Trondkj ems-
fjord at Vennses, in both places at a very considerable depth. In the last
named locality numerous specimens, both male and female, were collected
from a dead fish fastened on a fishing line, let down in a depth
of about 150 fathoms. It here occurred in company with 2 other species of
the genus, viz., H. cicada and H. ac-uhts, and could with the greatest ease,
even by the naked eye, be distinguished from either of these species, on account
of its whitish eyes and somewhat different coloration of the body. No
intermediate forms between the above described very closely allied species
have as yet occurred to me.

43. Hoplonyx caeculus, G-. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI 35, fig. 1.)

Body rather slender and compressed. Cephalon considerably longer
than the 1st segment ofmesosome, lateral corners produced to an acute rather
projecting point. Anterior coxal plates about twice as deep as the body; 1st
pair scarcely tapering below; 4th pair with the posterior expansion short
and broad, obtusely truncated at the tip ; 5th pair comparative^ 7 small, about
as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome considerably
produced at the lateral corners, forming an acuminated projection. First seg-
ment of urosome distinctly depressed at the base dorsally and exhibiting
behind the depression a rounded carina, Eyes wholly wanting, not even the
slightest trace of pigment being present in the living animal. Superior
antennse about the length of the cephalon and the 2 first segments of meso-
some combined, flagellum not nearly attaining twice the length of the peduncle
and composed of about 11 articulations, the 1st of which is very large, about
equal in length to the 5 succeeding ones combined ; accessory appendage
exceeding half the length of the flagellum, very slender and 4-articulate, 1st
joint larger than the other 3 combined. Epistome scarcely projecting in front
of the anterior lip, though being defined from the latter by a distinct inden-
tation. Anterior gnathopoda of the usual slender form, though the ischial
joint appears somewhat less elongated than in the other species, propodos
about the length of the carpus, palmar edge very oblique, finely denticulated
and defined below by an obtuse angle. Posterior gnathopoda with the pro-
podos oblong oval, considerably exceeding half the length of the carpus, |;il-
mar edge transversely truncated. Pereiopoda rather slender, with the dacty-
lus long and narrow, the 2 posterior pairs of about equal length ; basal joint

of the last pair very large, oval, fully as long- as the remainder part of the
leg. Last pair of uropoda with the rami very narrow, mueronifonn, and
without any marginal setse, the outer one being the longer and haying the
terminal joint spiniform. Telson not nearly twice as long as liroad, with
1 or 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, cleft extending nearly to the base. Uodv
pellucid whitish, without any pigmentation. Length of female f> mm.

Remarl-s. - - 1 at first believed this little form to belong to tlic follow-
ing genus. Having, however, made out its anatomy in detail, 1 lind it to
be a true Hoplonyx, though differing in some points, especially as to the
structure of the last pair of uropoda and the absolute want of eyes, rather
markedly from the other species.

Occurrence. - I have as yet only met with '2 specimens of this small
species, both being collected in the same place, viz., at Lexvigen, Trond-
hjemsfjord, from a depth of nearly 150 fathoms.

Gen. 24. Centromedon, G. 0. Sar*, n.
Syn: Anonyx, Lilljeborg (ex parte).

Body, as a rule, short and 'stout, with rather deep coxal plates.
Lateral corners of cephaloii acutely produced, as also those of the last pair
of epimeral plates of metasome. Eyes imperfectly developed or quite want-
ing. Antennae (in female) rather stout and subequal in length. Epistome
not at all projecting. Anterior lip large and broadly rounded. Mandibles
of moderate size, molar expansion conico-attenuated, palp rather large and
originating much nearer the tip than does the latter. First pair of maxilhp
with the terminal joint of the palp scarcely expanded at the tip and only
armed with a restricted number of spines; 2nd pair with the inner lobe more
elongate than in the 2 preceding genera, though a little shorter than the
outer. Maxillipeds less strong, masticatory lobe oblong oval, not reaching to
the end of the antepenultimate joint of the palp; the latter having the ter-
minal joint comparatively small and scarcely claw-like. Anterior gnathopoda
rather stout, imperfectly subcheliform ; the propodos obpyriform, without
any distinctly defined palmar edge; dactylus of moderate length and simple.
Posterior gnathopocla more slender than the anterior, propodos transversely
truncated at the lip, dactylus small. Pereiopoda moderately slender, basal

100.

joint of the 3 posterior pairs large and laminar; last pair considerably shorter
than the 2 preceding ones. Last pair of uropoda rather small, only slightly
reaching beyond the preceding pair, rami without any marginal setae. Telson
oblong, deeply cleft, each terminal lobe with 2 apical denticles.

Remarks. The present new genus is founded upon the small Lysi-
anassid described by Prof. Lilljeborg as Anonyx pumilus, which on a closer
examination of the anatomical details shows a number of well marked diffe-
rences from the 2 preceding genera, so as more properly to be regarded the
type of a separate genus. The 2 species described by the writer from the
Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition as Anonyx calcaratus and Anonyx
typhlops would seem to belong to the same genus, as also a 3rd species pro-
cured on the same Expedition, which is still more nearly allied to C. puni'ilus,
but which at that time was wrongly confounded with the latter species. The
generic name here proposed refers to the spiniform produced last pair of
epimeral plates of metasome.

44. Centromedon pumilus, (Lilljeborg).

(PI 34, fig. 2)

Anonyx pumilus, Lilljeborg, On the Lysianassa inagellanica etc., p 26, PI. IV, figs. 3541.

Syn: Lysianassa proclucta, Goes.

very short and robust, though somewhat compressed, with highly
curved back. Cephalon about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome,
lateral corners drawn out to a sharply pointed straight spine. Anterior
coxal plates nearly 3 times as deep as the body and rather narrow, the 3
first having each at the infero-posterior corner a small dentiform projection;
1st pair slightly tapering below; 4th pair with the posterior expansion rather
short and nearly transversely truncated at the tip; 5th pair about as deep
as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome produced at the lateral
corners to a sharp upturned spiniform lobe. First segment of urosome slightly
impressed dorsally and having behind the depression a small rounded carina.
Eyes altogether wanting. Superior antennas a little shorter than the cephalon
and the 2 first segments of mesosome combined; peduncle not very tumeficated,
1st joint about twice the length of the other 2 combined; flagellum scarcely
attaining the length of the peduncle and composed of 8 articulations only,
the 1st of which about equals in length the 2 succeeding ones taken together;
accessory appendage half the length of the flagellum and 3-articulate. In-
ferior antennae scarcely longer than the superior, flagellum 9-articulate,
Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos about the length of the carpus,

tapering distall} 7 , inferior edge with a slender spine beyond the middle.
Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos exceeding half the length of the
carpus, oblong oval in form. Anterior pereiopoda slender, with the propodal
joint very narrow and the dactylus much elongated. Posterior pereiopoda
rather unequal in length, the penultimate pair being by far the longest;
last pair considerably shorter than the antepenultimate one and having the
basal joint very large, rounded quadrangular in form, and much longer than
the remainder part of the leg. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus
much shorter than the outer, terminal joint of the latter nearly as long as
the basal one and spiniform. Telson gradually tapering distally and having
1 or 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, cleft very narrow and extending far beyond
the middle, outer apical denticle longer than the inner. Colour (according to
Boeck) whitish with a faint reddish tinge at the end of each segment and of
the joints of the antennae and legs. Length of adult female scarcely exceed-
ing 5 mm.

Remarks. The present species is easily distinguished from the
two forms described by the author from the Norwegian North Atlantic
Expedition. The above mentioned third not yet described species, for which
I would propose the name of C. a f finis, differs from the type species, not
only by its much larger size, but also by the lateral corners of the cephalon
being not straight but slightly upturned at the tip, and by the posterior
projection of the last epimeral plates of the metasome being considerably nar-
rower and more produced.

Occurrence. - I have met with this form only very sparingly in a
few localities off the West coast of Norway, as also off the coast ofNordland
and Finmark, in depths varying from 50 to 100 fathoms. Prof. Lilljeborg
found it at Molde, Boeck at Haugesund, and Mr. Schneider at Tromso.

Distribution, Arctic Ocean: Spitsbergen (Goes), the Murman Coast
(Jarzynsky), the Kara Sea . (Hansen), the Siberian Polar Sea (Stuxberg) ;
Bohuslan (Loveii) ; East coast of North America (Packard).

G-en. 25. AlibrotUS, Milne-Edwards, 1840.
Syn: Caesiums, Boeck, (ex parte).

Body rather slender and compressed, with not very large coxal plates.
Both pairs of antenna unusually elongated, with the nagolhi very slender
and composed of numerous short articulations; those of the male but little
longer than in female and without distinct calceolw. Epistome not distinctly

14 Crustacea.

defined from the anterior lip, both together forming a rounded prominence in
front of the buccal area. Posterior lip membranous, with the lobes slightly
emarginated at the tip. Mandibles rather strong, the molar expansion nar-
rowly truncated at the tip, palp very large and originating a little nearer
the tip than does the latter. First pair of maxillae with the masticatory
lobe large and obliquely truncated; basal lobe small, bisetose; palp compara-
tively short. Second pair of maxillse with the inner lobe only half the length of
the outer. Maxillipeds well developed, masticatory lobe oblong oval and not
reaching to the end of the antepenultimate joint of the palp, the latter large and
robust with the joints rather expanded, terminal joint claw-like. Anterior gnatho-
poda unusually strong, propodos considerably expanded and having a dis-
tinctly defined palmar edge. Posterior gnathopoda slender, with the propo-
dos slightly produced at the tip beneath the small dactylus. Pereiopoda
slender and elongate, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs moderately expanded.
Last pair of uropoda reaching considerably beyond the preceding pair, outer
ramus setous on the inner edge. Telson short and broad, squamiform, entire.
Remarks. It may perhaps be somewhat doubtful whether the form
Lysianassa chausica, upon which Milne-Edwards founded his genus Alibrotus,
is in fact congeneric with the northern species described in the sequel. But
as Sp. Bate believes this to be the case, I have thought it right to adopt the
generic name proposed by Milne-Edwards. In my opinion Anoni/.r littoralis of
Kroyer cannot, as suggested by Boeck, be referred to the same genus as
Anonyx Edn-ardxU and plautns of the said author, and thus the genus Onesi-
mns of Boeck may properly be restricted to the two last named Kroyerian
species. From that genus the present is chiefly distinguished by the much
more elongated and slender antenna?, by the unusually powerful structure of
the anterior gnathopoda and by the fuller development of the last pair of
uropoda.

45. Alibrotus littoralis, (Kroyer).

fPl. 35, fig 2.)
Anonyx littoralis, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 2den Rfekke, Bd. 1, p. 621.

Body glabrous, curved and rather compressed. Cephalon about the length
of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners only slightly projecting and
narrowly rounded at the tip. First pair of coxal plates rather large and much
expanded distally, anterior and inferior edges forming together an even curve;
the 2 succeeding ones much narrower and scarcely twice as deep as the
corresponding segments; 4th pair likewise unusually narrow and but very
sligthtly expanded in their lower part; f>th pair rounded quadrangular, more

103

broad than deep. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome nearly rectangu-
lar, lateral corners drawn out to a very short point, First segment of uro-
some slightly depressed dorsally. Eyes comparatively small, rounded oval,
pigment red. Superior antennse in female about the length of the cephalon
and the 4 anterior segments of mesosome combined; 1st joint of the peduncle
more than twice as long as the other 2 taken together; tiagellum very slen-
der, nearly 3 times as long as the peduncle and composed of about 20 arti-
culations, the 1st of which is by far the largest; accessory appendage scarce-
ly exceeding l k of the length of the flagellum and 5-artieiilate, 1st joint
longer than all the others combined. Inferior antennse a little longer than
the superior, basal joint large and globular, tiagellum composed of about ."<)
articulations. Both pairs of antennae in male having the tlagella somewhat
longer than in female and composed of a much greater number of articulation-.
Anterior gnathopoda very powerful, propodos rather broad, quandrangular,
and longer than the carpus; palmar edge somewhat oblique and armed with
several denticles, 2 of which placed below are larger than the rest ; dactylus
rather strong and <[uite simple. Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos
about half the length of the carpus and oblong in form. Anterior pereiopoda
rather powerful, with the propodal joint curved and the dactylus unguiform;
posterior ones much more slender, penultimate pair the longest and having
the propodal joint very elongate and narrow. Last pair of uropoda with
both rami broadly lanceolate, the inner a little shorter than the outer. Tel-
son rounded, scarcely more long than broad, tip very slightly emarginatecl
in the middle and having 2 small denticles. Colour whitish. Length of adult
female 13 mm.

Remarks. - The present form, originally described by Kroyer as an
Anonyx, was subserviently, as stated above, referred by Sp. Bate to the genus
Alibrotus of Milne-Edwards on account of the unusually elongated antennae
and the powerful structure of the anterior gnathopoda, in which respect it
certainly differs rather markedly from the genus Omnium*, to which it was
more recently referred by Boeck.

Occurrence. - I have not myself met with this form olf the coast of
Norway. But Dr. Goes records its being found by Prof. Fries in the Yaran-
gerfjord, Finmark. Quite recently, too, Mr. Schneider told me that he bad
procured this form rather plentifully in the neighbourhood of Tromso by
sifting the muddy sand at the low water mark. It thus may in fact lie
regarded as a true littoral form, burying itself in the loose shingle whilst
the water retreates. In the Polar Sea it has often been observed in great
abundance at the verv surface of the water.

104

Distribution. - Arctic Ocean, widely distributed : Greenland, Spitsber-
gen, Franz Josephs Land, the Kara Sea, the Sibirian Polar Sea, off Jan
Mayen (Norw. North Atlantic Expedition).

Gen. 26. OnesilHUS, Boeck, 1870.

Body rather thickset, with the coxal plates of moderate size, and the
last pair of epimeral plates of metasome distinctly produced at the lateral
corners. Antenna? in female not very slender, the inferior ones generally a
little longer than the superior; in male considerably more elongate and both
provided with distinct calceolee. Epistome not very projecting, though denned
from the anterior lip by a distinct sinus. Posterior lip membranous, each
lobe having at the end exteriorly a small denticle. Mandibles rather strong,
molar expansion short and thick, nearly transversely truncated at the tip,
palp scarcely longer than the mandible and originating at about the same
level as the latter. Maxillae nearly as in Alibrotus. Maxillipeds less strong,
masticatory lobe reaching to the end of the antepenultimate joint of the
palp, the latter not nearly so robust as in the said genus and attenuated
distally. Anterior gnathopoda of moderate size, distinctly subcheliform. Post-
erior gnathopoda about as in Alibrotus. Pereiopoda rather short and robust,
the 3 posterior pairs sometimes very stout, with the joints laminarly expanded.
Last pair of uropoda very short, scarcely reaching beyond the preceding pair,
rami without any marginal seta?. Telson short and broad, more or less dis-
tinctly incised posteriorly.

Remarks. - In the restriction here adopted this genus is chiefly dis-
tinguished from the preceding one by the much more robust form of the
body, by the shorter and stouter antennas and legs, as also by the poor
development of the last pair of uropoda. The genus would seem to be
chiefly confined to the Arctic seas and contains several species, some of
which are, however, as yet imperfectly known. Besides the 3 Norwegian
forms described in the sequal, two new species, 0. turgidus and 0. leucopis
were procured on the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, and Dr. Hansen
has added 3 new species from the Kara Sea, viz., 0. caricus, bremcaudatus and
affinix. Finally Dr. Stuxberg enumerates 3 species from the Siberian Polar
Sea, viz., 0. zebra, vorax, and abyssicola, without however giving any description
or figure.

105

46. Onesimus Edwardsii, (Kroyer).

(PL 36, fig. 1.)
Anonyx Edwardsii, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 2 Reekke, Bd. 2, p. 1.

Body ratlier robust and tumid, with broadly vaulted back. Cephalon
about tlie length of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners but slightly
projecting and evenly rounded at the tip. First pair of coxal plates rather
expanded below; the 2 succeeding ones scarcely twice as deep as the corres-
ponding segments; 4th pair somewhat broader, with the posterior expansion
short and obtusely truncated; 5th pair nearly as deep as broad. Last pair
of epimeral plates of metasome produced at the lateral corners to a narrow
slightly upturned lobe. First segment of urosome deeply depressed dorsally.
Eyes rather large, oblong oval, slightly expanding below, pigment bright red.
Superior antennae in female about the length of the cephalon and the 2 first
segments of mesosome combined, 1st joint of the peduncle very large and
tumid; fiagellum somewhat longer than the peduncle and composed of about
15 articulations, the 1st of which does not exceed the 2 succeeding ones com-
bined ; accessory appendage nearly half the length of the fiagellum and 6-ar-
ticulate. Inferior antennae a little longer than the superior, flagellum com-
posed of about 18 articulations. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos much
longer than the carpus, slightly curved in its outer part, and nearly trans-
versely truncated at the tip, palmar edge somewhat arcuate and finely den-
ticulated. Posterior gnathopoda very slender, propodos exceeding half the
length of the carpus and slightly dilated distally. Posterior pereiopoda rather
stout, ineral joint somewhat thickened ; basal joint of last pair oval, equalling
in length the remainder part of the leg. Last pair of uropoda with the
inner ramus about as long as the basal joint of the outer, and armed on the
inner edge with 2 small denticles. Telson rounded, scarcely more long than
broad, posterior incision very short, terminal lobes obtusely rounded, each
with a very smal denticle. Colour pale reddish yellow ; ova in the marsupial
pouch bright orange. Length of adult female 11 mm.

Remarks. - - The present species may be regarded as the type of the
genus. It is easily known from the 2 succeeding species by the obtusely
rounded lateral corners of the cephalon, as also by the structure of the an-
terior gnathopoda, and partly also by the form of the posterior pereiopoda.

Occurrence. - -I have myself never met with this form out of the Arc-
tic region. According to Boeck, however, it is said to occur rarely at Lyng-
holmen in the outer part of the Hardangerfjord, and Bruzelius likewise re-
cords the species from the West coast of Norway. In Finmark 1 have found
it not unfrequently at depths varying from 20 to 50 fathoms.

106

Distribution. - Arctic Ocean widley distributed : Greenland, Spits-
bergen, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Franz Josephs Land, the Murman coast, the
Kara Sea, the Siberian Polar Sea, Arctic North America; Bohuslan. (Bruze-
lius), Kattegat (Meinert).

47. Onesimus Normani, Schneider, M. S.

(PL 3G, fig. 2).

Body short and stout, though somewhat more compressed than in the
preceding species. Cephalon scarcely as long as the 1st segment ofmesosome,
lateral corners somewhat produced and acute at the tip. First pair of coxal
plates scarcely widening below; the 2 succeeding ones nearly twice as deep
as the corresponding segments ; 4th pair but slightly emarginated posteriorly
and forming below the emargination a rather short and blunt projection; 5th
pair about as deep as broad. First pair of epimeral plates of metasome pro-
duced at the infero-anterior corners to a narrow hook-like projection; last pair
with the infero-posterior corners drawn out to a sharp upturned point. First
segment of urosome scarcely impressed dorsally. Eyes oblong oval, somewhat
narrower than in the preceding species, pigment red. Both pairs of antennae
in female very short and stout, nearly subecjual in length : superior ones with
the peduncle much tumeficated, flagellum but very little longer than the
peduncle and composed of 8 articulations only, the 1st of which is very large,
about equalling in length the whole remainder part of the flagellum; acces-
sory appendage exceeding half the length of the flagellum and 3-articulate,
1st joint twice the length of the other 2 combined. Inferior antennae with
the flagellum shorter than the peduncle and only composed of 8 articulations.
Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos scarcely longer than the carpus, pal-
mar edge straight, densely spinulose and very oblique, inferior angle obsolete.
Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos half the length of the carpus and
scarcely widening distally. Posterior pereiopoda somewhat less robust than
in the preceding species, but otherwise rather similar. Last pair of uropoda
with the inner ramus simple lanceolate, without any marginal denticles; pe-
nultimate pair with the inner ramus deeply indented beyond the middle,
terminal part spiniform. Telson a little more long than broad, posterior
incision deeper than in 0. Edirardsii, terminal lobes slightly indented at the
tip. Colour not stated. Length of female 9 mm.

Remarks. - The present new species was first detected by Mr. Schnei-
der in the neighbourhood of Tromso, Fimnarken, and has been named by
that author in honour of the well known British naturalist, the Rev.
A. Norman, who last summer was accompanied by Mr. Schneider during his

107

investigations of the fauna of the Varangerfjord. I have had an opportunity
of seeing his detail drawings of the species and have thereby been enabled to
indentify his species with a form recently found by me in one solitary specimen
among my material of 0. Edirardxii. The species is easily distinguished
from the latter by the form of the lateral corners of the cephalon, bv the
very short and stont antennae and by the structure of the anterior gna-
thopoda.

Occurrence. As stated above, Mr. Schneider found this species in
the neighbourhood of Tromso, and the specimen here figured was probably
likewise from some place in Finmark.

48. Onesimus plautus, (Kroyer).

(PL 37, fig. !)
Anonyx 2)lftitf>ix, Kroyer, Nat Tidsskr, 2. Rsekke, Bd. 1, p. G29.

Body short and robust, though somewhat compressed. Cephalon lon-
ger than the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners acute at the tip. An-
terior coxal plates rather narrow and about twice as deep as the body; 1st
pair scarcely expanded below; 4th pair but very little emarginated posteriorly
and obtusely produced below the emargination ; 5th pair rather large, fully
as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome considerably
produced at the lateral corners and terminating with an upturned point.
First segment of urosome but very slightly impressed dorsally. Eyes irre-
gularly oval and considerably expanded below, in male much larger than in
female, pigment red. Superior antennas in female about the length of the
cephalon and the 2 first segments of mesosome combined; peduncle rather
thick ; flagellum attenuated, somewhat longer than the peduncle and composed
of about 11 articulations, the 1st of which about equals in length the 3
succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage a little exceeding the half
length of the flagellum and 4-articulate, 1st joint longer than the others
combined. Inferior antennae somewhat longer than the superior, flagellum
composed of about 13 articulations. Both pairs of antennas in male conside-
rably longer than in female, the flagella being very slender and composed of
a greater number of articulations. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos
about the length of the carpus and nearly transversely truncated at the tip,
though the inferior corner is rounded off. Posterior gnathopoda witli the
propodos exceeding half the length of the carpus and slightly dilated disl ally.
Posterior periopoda very short and strongly built, moral joint in all conside-
rably expanded, basal joint of last pair oblong oval and much longer than

108

the remainder part of the leg. Last pair of uropoda with both rami quite
naked, the inner the shorter. Telson rounded oval, a little more long than
broad, posterior incision narrow and not nearly extending to the middle, ter-
minal lobes indented at the tip. Colour (according to Kroyer) reddish yellow,
the back being somewhat darker. Length of adult female 8 mm.

Remarks . This species, first described by Kroyer, is at once

distinguished from any of the 2 preceding ones by the peculiar robust form of
the 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda, in which respect it shows a perplexing
resemblance to another rather different Lysianassid, viz., Meni grates obtusifrons
(Boeck) to be described in the sequel. This apparent resemblance has indeed
caused the two forms to be often confounded with each other, as will be
shown farther on.

Occurrence. - I have not myself met with this species, but a few
specimens are preserved in our University Museum, collected by Boeck off the
West coast of Norway at Haugesund.

Distribution. - Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, the Murman
Coast, the Kara Sea, the Siberian Polar Sea (Stuxberg); Bohuslan (Stock-
holm Museum).

Gen. 27. ChironesimUS, G. 0. Sars, n.
Syn : Anonyx, Hoek (ex parte).

Body thickish, with comparatively large coxal plates; the last
pair of epimeral plates of metasome produced at the lateral corners. Antennae
(in female) about as in Onesimus, the inferior ones being a little longer than
the superior. Epistome not at all projecting. Anterior lip forming in front
a rather large and compressed ling-triform lobe. Mandibles of moderate size,
cutting edge with a secondary tooth on the inner corner, molar expansion
tapering to a blunt ciliated point, palp rather large and originating somewhat
nearer the tip than does the latter. First pair of maxillae with the mas-
ticatory lobe large and obliquely truncated, terminal spines rather strong and
denticulated, basal lobe comparatively small and bisetose, palp normal. Second
pair of maxillae with the lobes rather short, the outer the larger. Maxilli-
peds with the masticatory lobe broadly oval and scarcely reaching to the
end of the antepenultimate joint of the palp; the latter of usual structure.
Anterior gnathopoda comparatively short and distinctly subcheliform. Posterior
gnathopoda elongated and rather powerful, propodos greatly expanded, with

109

a well defined concaved palmar edge, dactylus strong and curved. Pereiopnda
comparatively slender, basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs large and laminar.
Branchial lamellae simple. Last pair of nropoda much larger than in Onesi-
WHX and reaching considerably beyond the preceding pair, both rami partly
setous on the inner 'edge. Telson oblong and deeply cleft.

Eemarl-s. The present new genus is intermediate in character lie
tween the genera Onesimm and Anouyx, resembling the former in the general
form of the body, the latter in the structure of the oral parts and caudal
appendages. From both it is markedly distinguished by the peculiar power-
ful structure of the posterior gnathopoda, a character which has given rise
to the generic title here proposed. It may be observed that two of
the species described by Dr. Hansen from the Kara Sea and referred by him
to the genus Onesimus exhibit a quite similar structure of these limbs, a
fact which would seem to indicate a closer relation to the present genus.

49. Chironesimus Debruynii, (Hoek).

(PL 37, fig. 2).

Anonyx Debnnjmi, Hoek, Die Crustaceen gesammelt wiihrend (lev Fahrten der Willom Ba.
rents*. Niederl. Arch, fur Zoologt. Suppl. Bd. 1, p. 44, PI. Ill, fig, 30.

Body rather robust and tumid, with broadly rounded back. Cephabm
about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners somewhat
produced and narrowly rounded at the tip. Anterior coxal plates fully twi et-
as deep as the body; 1st pair scarcely expanded below ; 4th pair deeply emargi-
natecl posteriorly and forming below the emargination a rather large angular
expansion; 5th pair not very large, more broad than deep. Last pair of epi-
meral plates of metasome produced at the lateral corners to an acute trian-
gular, somewhat upturned lobe. First segment of urosome but slightly de-
pressed dorsally. Eyes oblong oval, a little broader below, pigment red.
Superior antennae about the length of the cephalon and the 2 first segments
of mesosome combined; 1st joint of the peduncle very large and thick; flagel-
lum exceeding the peduncle by about V* of its length and composed of about
11 articulations, the 1st of which equals in length the 3 succeeding ones
combined; accessory appendage about half the length of the flagellum and
6-articulate, 1st joint being very large and somewhat expanded. Inferior anl ennte
a little longer than the superior, the 2 outer peduncular joints nearly of
uniform length, flagellum composed of about IT) articulations. Anterior gna-
thopoda with the propodos scarcely as long as the carpus and much narrower,
palmar edge slightly concaved and defined below almost rectangularly.

15 Crustacea.

110

Posterior gnathopoda with the propodos very large, gradually expanded di-
stally, palmar edge defined below by a projecting angle and coarsely denti-
culated in its outer part, dactylus much curved and likewise denticulated
on the concaved edge. Basal joint of the last pair of pereiopoda
regularly oval in form and about as long as the remainder part of the leg".
Last pair of uropoda with the rami nearly equal in length and broadly
lanceolate. Telson nearly twice as long as broad and without any trace of
dorsal denticles, cleft extending beyond the middle and gradually widening
in its outer part, terminal lobes blunt, each with a small apical denticle. Co-
lour not stated. Length of adult female 14 mm.

Remarks. There cannot, I think, be any doubt that the form de-
scribed by Hoek as Anonyx Debrwjnii is identical with the present form,
although the number of articulations in the antennal flagella is much greater;
but this may perhaps be accounted for by the specimen of Hoek being a
young male. It is now for the first time added to the Norwegian fauna.

Occurrence. - I have as yet only met with 3 specimens of this form,
one of which was found at Christian sund on the West coast of Norway, the
two off the Lofoten isles ; depth 50 100 fathoms.

Distribution. The Barents Sea (Hoek).

Gen. 27. Menigrates, Boeck, 1870.

Body of unusually coarse structure, with rather large coxal plates
and the last pair of epimeral plates of metasome produced at the lateral
corners. Antennse in both sexes short and stout, those of the male provided
with very distinct calceolse. Epistome flattened in front and not distinctly
defined from the anterior lip, both together forming a rather narrow flap-
shaped projection. Posterior lip with the lobes narrowly rounded at the tip.
Mandibles rather elongated, cutting edge simple, molar expansion very slight,
palp of moderate size and originating much nearer the base than does the
latter. First pair of maxilla3 nearly as in Onesimus; second pair with the
inner lobe somewhat more elongate, though a little shorter than the outer.
Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe rather large, reaching considerably
beyond the antepenultimate joint of the palp, the latter not very large. An-
terior gnatliopoda not subcheliform, the propodos wanting any distinctly de-
fined palmar edge. Posterior gnatliopoda very slender, propodos not at all
produced beneath the minute dactylus. Pereiopoda very strong and stout,

Ill

especially the 3 posterior pairs, the joints of which are in parts much expanded.
Last pair of uropoda extremely small, with the rami quite naked. Telsun
short and broad, rounded, slightly incised posteriorly.

Benmrlts. The present genus has been established by Px.eek in

order to include a form which, though resembling the species of (hH:*inmx in
its outer habitus, yet exhibits considerable difference in certain characters of
apparently generic value, thus in the structure of the oral parts and in that
of the anterior gnathopoda. It contains as yet but a single species.

50. Menigrates obtusifrons, Boeck.

(PI. 38, fig. 1.)

Anonyx obtusifrons, Boeck. Forhandl. ved de Skand. Natnrf. Sde Mode 1860, p. (513.

Syn Anonyx brachycercus, Lilljeborg.

Anonyx plautus, Sp. Bate (not Kroyer).

Body very robust and much tumeficated, with broadly vaulted back".
Cephalon shorter than the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners somewhat
produced and angular at the tip. Anterior coxal plates nearly twice as deep
as the body and successively increasing in size posteriorly; 4th pair but
slightly expanded in their lower part; 5th pair rather large, about as deep
as broad, and produced at the infero-posterior corners to a short deflexed lobe.
Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome drawn out at the lateral corners
to a short triangular upturned projection. First segment of urosome scarcely
impressed dorsally. Eyes of moderate size, oval or reniform, pigment red.
Superior antennae in female scarcely longer than the cephalon and the 1st
segment of mesosome combined; peduncle much tumeficated, with the 2 outer
joints very short; flagellum but little longer than the peduncle and composed
of 8 articulations only, the 1st of which equals in length the 3 succeeding
ones combined ; accessory appendage exceeding half the length of the flagellum
and 4-articulate, 1st joint by far the largest. Inferior antennse in female
scarcely longer than the superior, flagellum 8-articulate ; in male a little more
elongated, with the flagellum, like that of the superior, composed of a greater
number of articulations. Anterior gnathopoda rather powerful; propodos
nearly twice the length of the carpus, somewhat curved and gradually taper-
ing distally, dactylus strong and curved. Posterior gnathopoda with the
propodos about half the length of the carpus, oblong oval, scarcely dilated
distally. Posterior pereiopoda very short and robust, of much the same
appearance as in Onesiimts plmihis, the meral joint being considerably ex-
panded and the basal joint, especially of the last pair, very large. Last pair
of uropoda scarcely reaching to the end of the preceding pair, inner minus
simple lanceolate and a little shorter than the outer. Telson about as broad

112

as long, posterior incision narrow and not extending to the middle, terminal
lobes obtusely truncated at the tip, each with a small apical denticle. Co-
lour pale yellowish with a faint reddish tinge on the anterior division of
the body. Length of adult female 13 mm.

Remarks. - Owing to a certain resemblance in its outer habitus and
especially in the structure of the posterior pereiopoda to OYiesivn/us plautus (Ivroyer)
this form was confounded with the latter by Sp. Bate, and even Boeck, in
determining the specimens of both forms preserved in our University Museum,
has fallen into considerable error, some of the specimens having been labelled
bv him as Oncxinni* />f/itns, whereas specimens of the latter form were vice-
versa determined as Menigrates dbtusifrons. On a closer examination the
present form may, however, easily be destinguished from Onesimus plant'u*,
not only by its much more tumid body, but also by the considerably coarser
structure of the antennae and by the very different form of the anterior gna-
thopoda.

Occurrence. - I have myself only met with this form in 2 localities
within the Arctic region of Norway, viz., at Bodo and in Lofoten at depths
varying from 20 to 50 fathoms. Prof. Lilljeborg found it, however, at Grip
outside Christiansund on the West coast of Norway, and Boeck has stated its
occurrence also oft the South coast at Mandal. Finally, Mr. Schneider has
observed it in the neighbourhood of Tromso. None of these authors, however,
would seem to have observed this form in its fully adult state.

Distribution. British Isles (Sp. Bate).

Gen. 29. Lepidepecreum, Sp. Bate, 1868.

Body short and stout, with the back carinated and the integuments
very firm, calcareous. Coxal plates large and deep. Superior antennae with
the joints of the peduncle partly produced anteriorly, accessory appendage
very small or <prite wanting; in male without any calceolse but provided
with dense tufts of sensitive bristles. Inferior antennae in female scarcely
as long as the superior and much more slender, with the antepenultimate
peduncular joint rather produced; in male very elongate, exceeding the length
of the body, rlagellum very slender, filiform and provided with distinct cal-
ceolae. Epistome forming a broad compressed plate projecting in front of the
anterior lip. Mandibles of moderate size, cutting edge simple, molar expan-

sion very slight, palp extremely slender and originating- close to the base of
the mandible. First pair of maxillae with the masticatory lobe, not very
strong- and nearly transversely truncated at the tip, basal lobe attenuated,
bisetose, palp normal. Second pair of maxillae with the lobes moderately
elongate, the inner somewhat shorter and much narrower than the outer.
Maxillepeds comparatively small, masticatory lobe .oblong oval ;md reach ing be \ <ni<l
the antepenultimate joint of the palp, the latter poorly developed. Anterior
gnathopoda rather slender, subcheliform, propodos narrow, with the, palmar
edge concaved and defined below by a projecting angle armed with 2 slender
spines, dactylns with a secondary denticle near the tip. Posterior gnathopoda
likewise very slender and only very sparingly setons, propodos produced be-
neath the dactylns to a digitiform projection so as to form a complete chela.
Anterior pereiopoda slender and feeble in structure, posterior ones with the
basal joint laminaiiy expanded. Last pair of uropoda in female scarcely
reaching beyond the preceding pair, rami hardly setons; in male much larger,
both rami provided on the inner edge with plumous setae. Telson conically
attenuated and deeply cleft.

Remarks. The present genus, established by tfp. Bate, is chiefly
characterised by the compact, dorsally carinated body, the peculiar structure
of the superior antennas, as also of both pairs of gnathopoda, and by the
form of the telson. Besides the 2 northern species described in the sequel,
a third species, L. foraminiferum (Stebbing), has been added from the Challenger
Expedition.

51. Lepidepecreum carinatum, Sp. Bate.

(PI. 38, fig. 2, PL 39 fig. 1.)
Lepidepecreum carinatum, Sp. Bate & Westwood, British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, Vol. 2,

Appendix, p. 509.

Syn: Anouyx longicornis, Sp. Bate (male).
Lepidepecreum mirabile, Meinert (female).

Body in female rather short and greatly compressed, dorsal earina
distinct along the whole mesosome and metasome, as also on the 1st segment
of urosome, forming on the latter and on the last segment of metasome a
large and compressed conico-acuminated projection. A lateral earina also
is present extending across the upper part of the coxal plates. Body of
male considerably more slender, with the metasome comparatively liirgcr and
the 2 posterior dorsal projections somewhat smaller ami less regular in form.
Ceplialon in both sexes considerably longer than the 1st segment of meso-
some, somewhat constricted on the middle and forming between the. superior

114

antennae a small rostriform projection, lateral corners drawn out to large
somewhat deflexed linguiform lobes. Anterior coxal plates rather large, in
female fully twice as deep as the body, in male somewhat less deep; 4th
pair in female considerably expanded in their inferior part and angularly
produced below the deep posterior emargination ; 5th pair quadrangular, about
as deep as broad, with the posterior edge slightly concaved. Last pair of
epimeral plates of metasome not at all produced at the lateral corners. Eyes
oval, somewhat larger in male, pigment reddish with an opaque white coat-
ing. Superior antennae in female scarcely longer than the cephalon and the
1st segment of mesosome combined; 1st joint of the peduncle very large, com-
pressed, carinated dorsally and jutting out at the end anteriorly as an ob-
tusely acuminated projection advancing over the succeeding joint, which forms
a similar but much smaller projection; flagellum much shorter than the
peduncle and composed of but 7 articulations, the 1st of which equals in
length the 2 succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage quite wanting.
Same antennae in male a little larger than in female, with the 2nd peduncu-
lar joint scarcely produced anteriorly, flagellum 9-articulate, with the 1st
joint very large and densely clothed with sensitive bristles. Inferior antennse
in female considerably shorter than the superior, penultimate joint of the
peduncle much larger than the ultimate one and slightly produced at the
end anteriorly, flagellum very short and 4-articulate. Epistomal plate very
large, nearly rectangular. Anterior gnathopoda with the basal joint about
the length of the remainder part of the leg, propodos shorter than the carpus
and not at all expanded distally. Posterior gnathopoda extremely slender;
propodos exceeding the half length of the carpus, oblong triangular, with
two transverse rows of strong setae near the base of the dactylus. Posterior
pereiopoda rather robust, basal joint of the 3rd pair rounded, that of the 2
succeeding ones irregularly oval, constricted near the end; meral joint in all
rather expanded and finely ciliated on the posterior edge. Last pair of uro-
poda in female with the rami nearly linear in form, the outer somewhat
longer than the inner and without any trace of marginal bristles; those of
male lanceolate and considerably expanded at the base. Telson exceedingly
narrow and elongate, nearly 3 times as long as broad at the base, gradually
tapering to the conical tip ; cleft very narrow, fissure-like, and extending far
beyond the middle. Colour a chalky white, each segment having dorsally a
small orange-coloured patch, more expanded in male. Length of female 7
mm., of male 8 mm.

EemarJcs. - - This is a very pretty and easily recognizable form, though
one which shows considerable differences in the two sexes, a fact that
indeed has led Sp. Bate to describe the species under two different names,

115

as Anonyx longicornis and as Lepidepecreum cantinafitni, the former being the
adult male, the latter the female. I think the first named specific appellation
must be cancelled as only referring to a masculine character, although it is
of somewhat older date than the name subsequently assigned to the female.
The form recently described by Prof. Meinert as Lepidepecreum ini^ihilr \ am
unable to distinguish from the present species. The lateral carina, it is true.
has not been observed by Sp. Bate; but this carina may easily be overlooked
when the animal is only viewed from a lateral standpoint.

Occurrence. - - Off the coast of Norway this species would seem to be
confined to the most southern part. I have found it rather sparingly at
Lushavn, situated at the eastern corner of Lister, and at Mserdo, outside Aren-
dal, at depths varying from 10 to 30 fathoms, in sandy bottom.

Distribution. British Isles (Sp. Bate), Denmark (Meinert); Mediter-
ranean (found by the author at Spezia).

52. Lepidepecreum umbo, (Goes).

(PI. 39, fig. 2.)
Lysianassa iiinbo, Goes, Crust, amphip. rnaris Spetsbergise, p. 4, fig. 6.

Body very robust and compact in both sexes, with the back consi-
derably curved; dorsal carina increasing in height posteriorly, the segments
being partly produced dorsally at the end ; last segment of metasome and 1st
of urosome jutting out dorsally as an acute somewhat upturned projection
Cephalon about the length of the 1st segment of mesosome, lateral corners
considerably produced and acute at the tip. Coxal plates very large and
deep, the 4 anterior ones being nearly 3 times as deep as the body ; 4th pair
rather narrow in their upper part, but considerably expanded below, forming
an obtuse lingniform lobe beneath the rather deep emargination ; 5th pair
unusually large, oval, much more deep than broad, with the infero-posterior
corners produced downwards, and exhibiting in the centre a most conspicuous
umboniform eminence; 6th pair also rather deep and obliquely truncated at
the infero-posterior corners. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome nearly
rectangular, very slightly produced at the lateral corners. Eyes narrow
oblong, pigment red. Superior antennae about twice the length of the cepha-
lon; 1st joint of the peduncle produced at the end in a similar manner as in
the preceding species, the other 2 not produced; flagellum in female shorter
than the peduncle and composed of 8 articulations, the 1st of which equals
in length the 4 succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage distinct, but
extremely small, and triarticulate. Inferior antennae in female nearly
as long as the superior, but much more slender, flagellum 8 articulate. An-

116

teiinse in male modified in a quite similar manner as in the preceding species.
Epistomal plate not quite so large as in that species and obtusely rounded
in front, Anterior gnathopoda with the basal joint considerably longer than
the remainder part of the leg, propodos about the length of the carpus and
slightly dilated distally. Posterior gnathopoda less slender, carpus consider-
ably expanded in its outer part, propodos somewhat stronger than in the
preceding species and provided dorsally with 3 rows of setae. Posterior per-
eiopoda rather feeble in structure, 3rd pair very small, with the basal joint
nearly elliptical and more broad than long, that of the last pair very much
expanded and broadly oval in form; meral joint in none of the legs expanded.
Last pair of uropoda in female with the rami somewhat broader than in the
preceding species, the inner one scarcely longer than the basal joint of the outer,
the latter with 2 bristles on the inner edge. Telson oblong triangular,
scarcely twice as long as broad at the base; cleft narrow and extending far
beyond the middle. Colour bright carneous red. Length of adult female
11 mm.

Remarks. This form, which was erroneously referred by Boeck to
his genus Orcliomfiue, is evidently congeneric with the preceding species,
agreeing as it does pretty well in all essential points. Yet it is very easily
recognized from that species by several well marked characters, viz., by the
unusually high and compact body, the very conspicuous lateral umboniform
prominence, the much feebler structure of the posterior pereiopoda, and finally
by the colour of the body.

Occurrence. Unlike the preceding species, this is evidently a genuine
northern form, rarely occurring out of the Arctic region. I have found
it in several places both off the coast of Finmark and off the Lofoten isles
in depths varying from 30 to 100 fathoms. The southernmost place where I
have met with it is at Bronosund in Nordland.

Distribution. - - Arctic Ocean: Spitsbergen (Uot ; s), the White Sea
(Jarzynsky), Stat. 4S and 124 of the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition.

Gen. 30. Euonyx, Norman,

Body robust, with rather firm integuments and large coxal. plates.
Superior antennae of moderate size and provided with a well developed acces-
sory appendage. Inferior antenna? in female inurh longer than the superior.

117

x

Epistome not at all projecting. Anterior lip produced in front to an acutely
triangular deflexed lobe. Mandibles comparatively small, cutting edge simple,
obtuse; molar expansion obsolete, palp very large and originating nearer the
tip than the base of the mandible. First pair of maxillse with the masticatory
lobe rather large and obliquely truncated, terminal spines unusually small,
claw-like; basal lobe rounded oval, with several apical bristles, palp normal.
Second pair of maxillse with both lobes short and obliquely truncated at the
tip. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe very small, scarcely larger than
the basal lobe, and provided with slender setae on the edge; palp rather
robust. Anterior gnathopoda slender and elongate, sparingly setous, propodos
forming together with the dactylus a perfect chela. Posterior gnathopoda
stronger than usual, propodos dilated distally, subcheliform ; dactylus large
and curved. Pereiopoda powerfully developed. Last pair of uropoda reaching
beyond the preceding pair, rami lanceolate. Telson oblong, deeply cleft.

Remarks. - 'Miis genus established by the Rev. Mr. Norman, is pro-
minently distinguished from oil other Lysianassidse by the peculiar chelate
character of the anterior gnathopoda, as also by the powerful structure of the
propodos of the posterior ones. Moreover the oral parts exhibit in their
structure several peculiarities, which would seem to point to a semiparasitic
habit. Besides the species described in the sequel, the Opis leptocliela of
Sp. Bate undoubtedly belongs to the same genus, and the Rev. Mr. Stebbing
has described another species, E. Normani, from the Challenger Expedition.

53. Euonyx chelatus, Norman.

(PL 40, fig. 1).

Euonyx chelatus, Norman, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

f. 1866, p. 202.

Body rather strong and thickset, with broadly rounded back. Cepha-
lon somewhat longer than the 1st segment of mesosome, forming anteriorly
between the bases of the superior antennse a blunt curved rostral projection,
lateral corners but slightly produced and nearly rectangular. First pair of
coxal plates extremely small and rudimentary; the 3 succeeding pairs very
large, fully 3 times as deep as the body; the 4th considerably expanded
below and jutting out posteriorly as an acute lobe; 5th pair likewise rather
large, fully as deep as broad. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome pro-
duced at the lateral corners to a short and blunt point. First segment of
urosome deeply impressed at the base dorsally and exhibiting behind the
depression a high and compressed hump-like projection, fives oblong oval and
somewhat constricted at the middle, pigment chalky white. Superior antennse

15 b Crustacea.

118

about the length of the cephalon and the 2 first segments of mesosome com-
bined, 1st joint of the peduncle very large and broad, concaved at the super-
ior (dorsal) edge and jutting out at the end anteriorly as a blunt projection;
flagellum nearly twice the length of the peduncle and composed of about 10
articulations, the 1st of which is very large, about equalling in length the 4
succeeding ones combined; accessory appendage not quite half the length of
the flagellum and 5-articulate. Inferior antennae nearly twice the length of
the superior, flagellum very slender and composed of about 22 articulations.
Anterior gnathopoda extremely slender and nearly naked, propodos scarcely
longer than the carpus and rather narrow, chela occupying the outer third
part of the propodos. Posterior gnathopoda somewhat longer and much
stronger than the anterior, propodos about half the length of the carpus, gra-
dually expanded distally and densely setous at the tip, palmar edge concaved
and defined by a projecting angle, dactylus rather strong and curved. Perei-
opoda of very powerful structure and edged with fascicles of short spines ;
carpal joint in all very short, and dactylus strong and curved; basal joint of
the 3 posterior pairs not very large, rounded; meral joint considerably ex-
panded. Last pair of uropoda with the rami naked, the inner one scarcely longer
than the basal joint of the outer. Telson likewise unarmed, oblong in form,
nearly twice as long as broad; cleft narrow, extending far beyond the middle,
terminal lobes blunt at the tip. Colour whitish, with a faint yellowish
tinge. Length of adult female 10 mm.

Remarks. The description given by the Rev. Mr. Norman of his
Euonyx dielatus agrees pretty well with the present form, so that there cannot
be any doubt about the identity of both. As to Opis leptocliela of Sp. Bate,
this form, on the other hand, though evidently congeneric, would seem to
differ in several characters, thus in the shape of the cephalon and of the
coxal plates and in the small size and rounded form of the eyes. Only female
specimens have as yet occurred to me. It is now for the first time, added
to the Norwegian fauna.

Occurrence. - I have found this remarkable form in two widely di-
stant localities, viz., at Vardo, Finmark, where a single specimen was pro-
cured from a depth of 50 60 fathoms, and in the Trondhjemsfjord. In the
latter locality it occurred at Leksvigen and Vennses rather sparingly in the
region of the deep sea corals at a depth of 100 to 150 fathoms. It was also
last summer procured by Mr. Storm in the outer part of the fjord, at about
the same depth. Mr. Norman found his specimen parasitic on EeJt/Htis escu-
lentus, and the same was also stated by Sp. Bate to have been the case
with a specimen of Opis leptocliela taken by Mr. Brady off the Isle of Man.

Distribution. British Isles, Hebrides (Norman).

119

Gen. 31. Kerguelenia, Stebbing, 1888.

Body extremely short and compact, with the coxal plates very large
and deep, especially those of the 4th pair. Antennae in both sexes short, the in-
ferior much more slender than the superior, the latter only modified in the
male. Oral parts poorly developed. Epistome not projecting. Ma,ndibU->
blnnted at the tip, without any distinct cutting edge or molar expansion,
palp slender originating at the tip of the mandible. Maxillae extremely small,
though composed of the usual parts. Maxillipeds with the masticatory and
basal lobes rudimentary, palp elongate, with the dactylus styliform. Both
pairs of gnathopoda slender and elongate, the anterior nearly naked and
terminating with a pointed extremity, the dactylus extending in the same
line as the propodos, upon which it is scarcely movable; the posterior ones
finely hairy in their outer part, propodos produced beneath the extremely
small dactylus so as to form a very minute chela. Anterior pereiopoda slender
posterior ones short and robust, with the meral joint considerably expanded,
basal joint of 3rd pair nearly linear, that of the 2 last pairs large and lami-
nar. Last pair of uropoda extremely small, with rudimentary rami. Tel-
son likewise very small, rounded, entire.

Remarks. - - As to the general habitus of the body, this genus, recently
established by the Eev. Mr. Stebbing, somewhat recalls the genus Aciclo-
stoma, with which it also agrees in the structure of the caudal appendage and
in the superior antennae only being modified in the male. In several other
essential characters it differs, however, very materially both from that genus
and from the other Lysiannassidae, thus in the poor development of the oral,
parts and in the peculiar structure of the anterior gnathopoda, The dis-
covery of a well marked northern species of this remarkable genus is of
considerable interest.

54. Kerguelenia borealis, G-. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 40, fig. 2).

Bod}- very compact and strongly built, with the back rounded and
more or less sharply curved. Cephalon longer than the 1st segment of meso-
some, slightly produced in front between the bases of the superior antenna-,
lateral corners but little projecting and nearly rectangular. Anterior coxal
plates more than 3 times as deep as the body; 1st pair narrowly rounded
at the tip ; the 2 succeeding one's subtruncated ; 4th pair excedingly large,
very deeply emargiiiated posteriorly and forming below the emargination a
large linguiform lobe extending posteriorly so as nearly to encompass the
5th pair; the latter obliquely rounded, slightly bilobed below and a little

120

more broad than deep. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome obtusely
truncated at the lateral corners. First segment of urosome without any dor-
sal projection. Eyes of moderate size and nearly triangular in form, visual ele-
ments imperfectly developed, pigment reddish with a narrow opaque white
border. Superior antennae in female about twice the length of the cephalon,
1st joint of the peduncle large and thick, obtusely produced at the end an-
teriorly; nagellum scarcely exceeding half the length of the peduncle and
composed of 7 articulations, the 1st of which does not differ from the others
either in size or structure; accessory appendage about half the length of the
flagellum and 4- articulate. Same antennae in male having the 2 outer joints
of the peduncle and the base of the nagellum considerably more tumeficated
and provided with a dense brush of long sensitive bristles. Inferior antennae
in both sexes of the very same appearance, scarcely longer and much more
slender than the superior, the 3 outer joints of the peduncle nearly equal-
sized, flagellum composed of only 7 articulations. Anterior gnathopoda ex-
tremely slender, nearly styliform; propodos about the length of the carpus,
and gradually tapering distally; dactylus forming the direct continuation of
the propodos and provided with a strong secondary tooth and 2 slender setae.
Posterior gnathopoda somewhat more elongate than the anterior, but
less slender; propodos oblong, considerably exceeding the half length of the
carpus, outer part of the upper edge obliquely deflexed towards the small
dactylus and provided with several stiff bristles. Posterior pereiopoda suc-
cessively diminishing in length, basal joint of the 3rd pair forming below a very
slight laminar expansion, that of the 2 last pairs rather broad and rounded
quadrangular, exceeding in the last pair the length of the remainder part of
the leg. First pair of uropoda normal, 2nd pair considerably shorter, with
both rami simple mucronate, without spines. Last pair of uropoda so ex-
tremely small as easily to escape attention, rami much shorter than the
basal part, the outer the larger. Telson quite hidden between the lateral
parts of the last segment, scale-like, tip obtusely truncated. Colour bright
orange. Length of adult female 5 mm.

Remarks. The present species is very nearly allied to K. compacta
(Stebbing) from the Kerguelen Islands, differing however in a few f points,
thus in the structure of the dactylus of the anterior gnathopoda, as also
in the shape of the basal joint of the 3rd pair of pereiopoda.

Occurrence. - I have met with this remarkable form in 3 different
localities off the Norwegian coast, viz., at Hammerfest, Finmark, at Tjoto
on the coast of Nordland, and in the Hardangerfjord at Suiide. In all three
localities it occurred very sparingly at a depth of 100 150 fathoms.

121

Fam. 3. Pontoporeiidse.

Form of body varying in the different genera, now compressed, now
very tumid. Cephalon not produced anteriorly in the form of a hood. ('oxal
plates of moderate size, generally fringed with bristles; those of f>th pair
bilobed. Metasome generally well developed, with large epimeral plates.
Urosome short and stout. Superior antennae, as a rule, shorter than the in-
ferior, and furnished with an accessory appendage; joints of the peduncle
sharply defined. Epistome not at all projecting. Anterior lip forming a
simple rounded prominence; posterior lip quadrilobated, the inner lobes small
but well defined. Mandibles comparatively short and thick, with greatly expanded
masticatory part; cutting edge divided into 2 superposed lamelhe; molar
expansion large and protruding, palp more or less elongate, and 3-articulate.
Maxillae and maxillipeds of usual structure. Gnathopoda comparatively small
and feeble in structure, generally imperfectly subcheliform or sometimes approach-
ing to the chelate form. The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda more or less
dissimilar in structure and adapted for burrowing in the loose bottom deposit,
Branchial lamellae simple; incubatory lamellae slender, fringed at the tip with
long curved setae. Pleopoda as a rule well developed, especially in the male.
Uropoda biramous, last pair unlike the preceding pairs in structure. Telson
flattened, more or less deeply cleft.

Remarks. This family comprises several genera, which on the whole
differ rather markedly from each other, both as to the oiiter habitus and the
anatomical structure, so as, perhaps, more properly to be referred to several
distinct families. As a characteristic feature common to all the forms under
consideration, may be named the great ability of burrowing in the mud or
loose bottom deposit, for which purpose the 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda
have been more or less peculiarly modified, the joints being partly lamimu-ly
expanded, and armed with strong spines and bristles. The most extreme
development in this way is found in the genus Hd-ndoriiix (Lepidactylus), to
be described in the sequel. Besides the 6 northern genera recorded in the
present work as belonging to this family, a few exotic genera have been
established. Thus Dr. Hansen has added an exclusive arctic genus Prinassus,
and the Rev. Mr. Stebbing describes 2 very distinct new genera from the
Challenger Expedition, viz., Carclmio and Platyischnopns, the former being
apparently most nearly allied to the genus Batkyporeia, the latter to the
genus Hailstorms.

16 Crustacea.

122

Gen. 1. Pontoporeia, Kroyer, 1842.

Body rather slender, somewhat resembling in form that of the typical
Lysianassidse. Coxal plates densely setous on the distal edge, the 4 anterior pairs
nearly of uniform size and siiLtruncate at the tip; 5th pair with the anterior
lobe the larger and more or less deflexed. Antemise rather powerful, subequal in
length, the joints of the peduncle in both pairs sharply defined and furnished with
long ciliated setae; accessory appendage of the superior ones small. Mandibles
short and stout, with the masticatory part greatly expanded and furnished with
a series of curved spines between the cutting edge and the molar expansion ; palp
rather slender and densely setous. First pair of maxillae with the terminal
joint of the palp spathulate, and armed at the tip witli short spines; basal
lobe not very large. Second pair of maxillae with the outer lobe much broader
than the inner. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe spinous on the inner
edge, and nearly reaching to the end of the antepenultimate joint of the palp; the
latter rather stout, with the penultimate joint short and broad, strongly incurved,
dactylus small. Gnathopoda rather different in structure: the anterior ones
very short and densely setous, carpal joint laminar ly expanded, propodos
comparatively small, without any distinctly defined palmar edge, dactylus
small and feeble; posterior gnathopoda more slender than the anterior, pro-
podos narrow and produced beneath the small dactylus so as to approach
a chelate character. The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopocla rather dissimilar,
penultimate pair by far the longest, basal joint of this and the preceding
pair rather narrow, that of last pair, however, much expanded, clypeiform,
and edged with long ciliated setae ; dactylus in all 3 pairs very small. Last
pair of uropoda short, both rami uniarticulate, the outer the larger. Telson
squamiform and deeply cleft.

Remark*. As to the external appearance the species of this genus
somewhat remind of certain Lysianassidae, and the genus was in fact referred
to that family by Sp. Bate. In the structure of the oral parts, as also in
that of the antennae and legs, are however found several w r ell marked charac-
teristics to distinguish it from the Lysianassidae, and all recent authors therefore
now agree in regarding the genus as the type of a separate family. It is exclu-
sively represented in the northern seas, and comprises as yet only 2 species,
both of which belong to the Norwegian fauna,

123
1. Pontoporeia femorata, Kroyer.

(PI. 41, fig. 1).

Pontoporeia femorata, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 1 R. Bd 4, p. 153.
Syn: Pontoporeia furcigera, Bruzelius.

Body glabrous, moderately compressed, with the back broadly rounded.
Cephalon about as long as the 2 first segments of mesosome combined, lateral
corners rather produced, and angular at the tip. The 3 anterior pairs of coxal
plates each with a small dentiform projection at the infero-posteal corner;
1st pair very much expanded distally ; 5th pair rather large, with the anterior
lobe almost as deep as the preceding pair. Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome narrowly rounded at the lateral corners. First segment of urosome
provided dorsally with a peculiar upturned, bifurcated process. Eyes reni-
form, pigment bright red. Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle
rather large, longer than the other 2 combined, flagellum considerably shorter
than the peduncle, and composed of 9 articulations ; accessory appendage very
small, biarticulate. Inferior antennae with the 2 outer joints of the peduncle
nearly equal in length, flagellum about the length of these 2 joints combined,
and composed of 12 articulations. Anterior gnathopoda having the outer
joints much expanded, carpus very broad, forming inferiorly a rounded setous
lobe, propodos obliquely oval, with the inferior edge considerably bulging out
in its posterior part, dactylus very slender and curved. Posterior gnathopoda
with the propodos somewhat shorter than the carpus. Last pair of pereiopoda
with the basal joint very large, much longer than the remaining part of the leg,
and densely setous at the posterior edge. Last pair of uropoda having the outer
ramus considerably larger than the inner, and densely spinous on the outer
edge. Telson triangular oval, somewhat more long than broad, cleft extending
beyond the middle, terminal lobes narrowly rounded, each with 3 small apical
bristles. Colour uniformly pale yellowish. Length of adult female 14 mm.

EemarJcs. - That this is the Kroyerian species seems to me to be
beyond any doubt. True, the habitus-figure given by Kroyer in the work
of Gaimard does not show distinctly the characteristic dorsal process of the
urosome; but this may simply have been caused by a mere negligence of the
lithographer. According to Dr. Hansen, all the specimens determined by Kroy.-r
as Pontoporeia femorata, and preserved in the zool. Museum of Copen-
hagen, have the fork very distinctly developed. The P. furcigera of Bruze-
lius, of which I have had for examination numerous specimens from the
Stockholm Museum, cannot, by any means, be specifically distinguished from
the form here described.

Occurrence. - I have myself only met with this species off the coast
of Finmark in depths varying from 20 to 100 fathoms, muddy bottom. Occa

124

sionally it however also occurs farther south off the west coast of Norway,
thus in the neighbourhood of Christiaiisund (M. Sars), and at Karmo (Boeck).
Distribution. -- Arctic Ocean widely distributed: Greenland, Spitsbergen,
the Murman coast, the White Sea, Matotschkin Schar, the Kara Sea, the
Siberian Polar Sea; Labrador; Kattegat, the Baltic.

2, Pontoporeia affinis, (Lindstrom).

(PI. 41, fig. 2).
Pontoporeia affinis, Lindstrom, 0fvers. af Kgl. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1855, p 63.

Body somewhat more compressed than in the preceding species, but
otherwise rather similar in appearance. Cephalon considerably longer than
the 2 first segments of mesosome combined, lateral corners narrowly rounded
at the tip. Coxal plates without any dentiform projection at the infero-posteal
corner; 1st pair but slightly expanded distally, and scarcely broader than the
succeeding ones ; 5th pair with the anterior lobe not nearly so deep as in
P. femorata. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome nearly right-angled.
First segment of urosome without any trace of a dorsal process. Both the
metasome and urosome provided dorsally with scattered hair. Eyes small,
oval, pigment black. Superior antennae in female with the flagellum about as
long as the peduncle, accessory appendage longer than the last joint of the
peduncle, and triarticulate. Flagella of both pairs of antennae in male consi-
derably more elongate than in female, and divided into a much greater num-
ber of articulations. Anterior gnathopoda with the outer joints far less expan-
ded than in P. femorata, propodos narrow oval, the inferior edge but very
slightly bulging out behind the middle. Posterior gnathopoda with the pro-
podos about as long as the carpus. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal
joint somewhat less expanded than in the preceding species, and scarcely lon-
ger than the remaining part of the leg. Last pair of uropoda in female very
small, outer ramus with only 3 spines exteriorly. Telson likewise very small,
more broad than long, cleft extending about to the middle. Colour yellowish,
with a more or less distinct tinge of orange ; body-segments often bordered
with dark bluish green. Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 8mm.

Remarks. - Although rather nearly allied to the preceding species,
this form is at once distinguished, not only by its much smaller size, but also
by the absolute want of any dorsal process on the urosome, and by the dark
ocular pigment.

Occurrence. - In Norway this form is exclusively a fresh water species,
being only found in true lakes, thus in Sognsvand and Elvvaagen in the
neighbourhood of Christiania, as also in Orrevand on Jsederen. It here occurs,

125

as a rule, only in the deeper parts of the lakes, at depths varying from 3 to
12 fathoms, being never met with close to the border. As the species else-
where has also been observed in the sea, it constitutes most probablv, as
suggested by Prof. Loven, a remnant of the ancient arctic fauna existing off
the coasts of Europe and North America during the glacial epoch, a part of
which still remains in the more isolated marine basins, as the Baltic, whereas
another part, by the subsequent rising of the land, was left behind in some of
the lakes, where the present species, under certain circumstances, was enabled
to adapt itself to live in purely fresh water.

Distribution. - - Several lakes of Sweden, Finland and Russia, as also
the great lakes of North America; the Baltic, Kattegat; the Kara Sea
(Hansen); coast of France (Chevreux).

Gen. 2. Priscilla, Boeck, 1870.

Body rather robust, with powerfully developed metasome and urosome.
The 4 anterior pairs of coxal plates very strong, curved downwards and
terminating each with an obtuse deflexed point tipped with long ciliated setae ;
5th pair very small. Antennae well developed, with the joints of the peduncle
densely setous; superior ones shorter than the inferior, and provided with a
rather large accessory appendage. Mandibles strong, of a similar structure as
in Pontoporeia, palp large and robust. First pair of maxilla? with the termi-
nal joint of the palp scarcely expanded distally, basal lobe broadly triangular,
and edged with numerous ciliated setse. Second pair of maxilla? with the
lobes nearly equal-sized. Maxillipeds about as in Pontoporeia. Griiathopoda
rather similar both in size and structure, propodos somewhat expanded, and
slightly subcheliform. Anterior pereiopoda of moderate size, dactylus quite
rudimentary; the 3 posterior pairs very powerful, and partly edged with
dense fascicles of spines, basal joint of the 3rd and 4th pair but little expan-
ded, that of last pair very large and laminar, edged with long ciliated setae.
Uropoda rather robust in structure, last pair with the rami very unequal.
Telson comparatively large, laminar, insinuated posteriorly.

Remarks. - - This genus established by Boeck exhibits, it is true, some
points of agreement with the preceding genus ; but in several other characteristics
thus in the form of the coxal plates, the structure of the antennae and giiatlm-
poda, as also in the powerful development of the 3 posterior pairs of pereio-
poda, it shows itself to be rather different, and somewhat reminds of the genus
Hanstorius, It contains, at present, but a single species.

126
3. Priscilla armata, Boeck.

(PL 42).
Priscilla armata, Boeck, Crust, amphip. bor. & arctica, p. 44

Body on the whole very strongly built, with broadly rounded back
and rather hard integuments. Cephalon comparatively small, truncated at
the tip, lateral corners evenly rounded, postantennal angle produced to a
sharp anteriorly turned point. The 4 anterior pairs of coxal plates succes-
sively increasing in size posteriorly, each tipped with 4 6 very long ciliated
setse; 4th pair subtriangular, very slightly emarginated posteriorly in their
upper part ; 5th pair scarcely larger than the 2 succeeding pairs. The 2
posterior segments of metasome each with an acute triangular upturned pro-
jection dorsally; epimeral plates broadly rounded. First segment of urosome
without any dorsal projection or sinus. Eyes quite inconspicuous in alcoholic
specimens. Superior antennae about as long as the peduncle of the inferior,
1st peduncular joint fully as long as the other 2 combined, nagellum much
shorter than the peduncle and composed of about 10 articulations; accessory
appendage considerably exceeding the half length of the flagellum, and 5-articu-
late. Inferior antenna? powerfully developed, penultimate joint of the peduncle
very large, and having, besides some short scattered spines, a series of long
ciliated setse on the posterior edge; flagellum scarcely more than half the
length of the peduncle. Gnathopoda with the propodos about as long as the
carpus, but somewhat broader, palmar edge in the anterior ones oblique, in
the posterior nearly transverse ; dactylus in both pairs rather short. Ante-
penultimate pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint obliquely oval, and about
half as long as the remaining part of the leg, upper posterior angle produced
to a long upturned uncinate spine. Penultimate pair with the basal joint
considerably longer, and very slightly dilated distally, upper angle produced
to a similar, but somewhat smaller spine. Last pair of pereiopoda fully as
large as the preceding pairs, basal joint nearly orbicular in form, carpal joint
gradually expanded distally and armed at the end with several rows of short
spines, propodal joint likewise rather strong and coarsely spinous. Last pair
of uropoda with the outer ramus spinous on the outer edge, terminal joint
small, spiniform, inner ramus very minute. Telson subquadrangular, nearly
as broad as long, posterior sinus only occupying the outer fourth part, ter-
minal lobes narrowly truncated, each with 4 small apical spines. Colour not
stated. Length 11 mm.

Remark*. It seems to me somewhat doubtful whether this form may
properly 1)6 referred to the fauna of Norway. Boeck found some specimens
in our University Museum, without exact statement of the locality, and be-
lieved them to be from the west const <>!' Norwuv, Sondfjord. But the species

127

has never been met with subsequently off the coast of Norway, whereas it
has turned out to be a genuine arctic form.
Distribution. - - Greenland (Hansen).

Gen. 3. Bathyporeia, Lindstrom, L855.
Syn: Thersites, Sp. Bate.

Body compressed, glabrous, with the metasome powerful! v developed,
especially in the male. Cephalon truncated in front. Coxal plates not verv
large; 1st pair much smaller and narrower than the rest, and turned nearly
straight forwards; the 3 succeeding ones snbtrnncated at the tip, which is
densely setous; 4th pair slightly emarginated posteriorly; 5th pair rather
broad, though less deep than the preceding ones, posterior lobe the larger.
Superior antenna 3 , shorter than the inferior, 1st joint of the peduncle very
large and thick, clavate, produced in front to a blunted projection overhanging
the remaining part of the peduncle; accessory appendage sm all, biarticulate,
1st joint spinous, 2nd very narrow, setiform; nagellum in male somewhat
coarser than in female, and furnished posteriorly with transverse rows of
delicate cilia, anteriorly with a single row of calceolse. Inferior antennae
rather slender, with the penultimate joint of the peduncle the largest; flagel-
lum in female shorter than the peduncle, in male more or less elongated,
filiform, and furnished with distinct calceola?. Mandibles with the cutting
edge unusually produced, lamellae not dentate, molar expansion well developed,
intermediate spines few in number; palp curved with the terminal joint rather
narrow. First pair of maxillae with the terminal joint of the palp incurved,
and densely hairy in its outer part, basal lobe about as in Prisc/U/i. Second
pair of maxillae as in the latter genus. Maxillipeds, with the masticatory
lobe comparatively short and coarsely spinous on the inner edge, palp rather
large, with the antepenultimate joint obtusely produced at the end inwards
and clothed with numerous transverse rows of very delicate long cilia, penul-
timate joint much constricted at the base, and abruptly incurved dislally.
dactylus small. Gnathopoda rather unequal both as to si/e and structure:
the anterior ones very small and scarcely subcheliform, propodos oval; the
posterior much more powerful and densely setous, propodos spathulate, having
a dense brush of diverging seise, instead of the dactylus. The 2 anterior pairs
of pereiopoda comparatively short and stout. The 3 posterior pairs rather dissi-
milar: antepenultimate pair more or less bent in a sigmoid manner, basal joint
laminar, constricted at the base, meral joint greatly expanded and densely

128

setous 011 the inferior edge, the 2 succeeding joints narrow linear, dactylus want-
ing; the 2 posterior pairs rather strong and subequal in length, basal joint of
the penultimate pair laminaiiy expanded, that of last pair ranch narrower, outer
joints in both pairs fringed with setae and tufts of short spines, dactylus
rudimentary. Last pair of uropoda with the outer ramus very elongate,
biarticulate, inner small, lamelliform. Telson bipartite, each half linear, with
a tuft of spines at the tip, and another in the middle of the outer edge.

Remarks. The present genus established by Lindstrom, is promi-
nently distinguished by the peculiar development of the 1st peduncular joint
of the superior antennae, as also by the very anomalous structure of the
posterior gnathopoda, and of the antepenultimate pair of pereiopoda. As to
the form of the last pair of uropoda, it somewhat reminds of certain forms
of the family Grammaridce, such as the genus Niphargus, and for this cause
it was placed by Sp. Bate in the vicinity of that genus. Boeck was, however,
quite right in removing it from that family and referring it to the family
Pontoporeiidse, with which it shows a much nearer relationship both in the
structure of the oral parts and in other anatomical characters. The genus
seems to comprise several very nearly allied species, which however have
been generally confounded with each other. Excluding the typical species,
I have been able to distinguish no less than 4 different species occurring off
the coast of Norway.

4. Bathyporeia norvegica, G-. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(I'l. 43).
?Syn: Bathyporeia pilosa, Boeck (not Lindstrom).

Body as compared with the other species rather robust, with broadly
vaulted back. Cephalon scarcely as long as the 2 first segments of mesosome
combined, lateral corners slightly projecting and narrowly rounded. First
pair of coxal plates terminating with an acute point, the 2 succeeding ones
each with a small dentiform projection at the tip, posteriorly. Last pair of
epimeral plates of metasome produced at the infero-lateral corners to a
short, but distinct tooth. First segment of urosome deeply impressed at the
base dorsally, and having, beyond the depression, 2 small juxtaposed spines
and 2 anteriorly curved bristles. Eyes in female reniform, in male much
larger, widening upwards and nearly contiguous, pigment dark red. Superior
antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle longer than the other 2 combined;
flagellum in female composed of 8, in male of 13 articulations ; accessory
appendage about as long as the 2 last joints of the peduncle combined, 1st
joint compressed, oblong, with several tufts of spines on both edges, terminal

129

joint very narrow, equalling in length V of the basal joint, .Flagellum of
inferior antennae in female shorter than the 2 outer joints of the peduncle
combined, and 8-articulate ; in male very elongate and slender, considerably
exceeding the length of the body. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos
broadly oval and much shorter than the carpus. Antepenultimate pair of
pereiopoda with the meral joint considerably expanded and edged with numer-
ous ciliated setae; the 2 outer joints combined equalling the length of the
meral one, The 2 posterior pairs of pereiopoda with the basal joint about
half the length of the remaining part of the leg. Last pair of uropoda with
the basal joint of the outer ramus slightly dilated in its distal part, terminal
joint about l /3 as long and setous on both edges. Each half of the telson
sublinear with about 9 apical spines and 4 lateral. Body pellucid and nearly
colourless. Length of adult female 7 mm; of male 8 mm.

Remarks. - - This is by far the largest and finest of the species of
Bathyporeia occurring off the coast of Norway, and I have therefore selected
it for the anatomical analysis of the oral parts. The species may be readily
known from any of the others, not only by its much larger size, but also by
the form of the last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome, the lateral
corners of which, in both sexes, are drawn out to a distinct dentiform projec-
tion. The form described by Boeck as B. pilosa would seem to be this species.
At least some specimens preserved in our University Museum and determined
by Boeck as above, undoubtedly belong to the present form.

Occurrence. - I have myself hitherto only met with this species in a
single locality, viz., in the Ognebugt off Jaederen, south coast of Norway. It
occurred here in considerable numbers on a bottom of fine sand, depth from
2 to 6 fathoms. The great ability of the animal in burying itself rapidly
within the loose bottom deposit, was often observed on keeping some spe-
cimens in a glass jar with some sand at the bottom. The above mentioned
specimens preserved in our University Museum were collected by Boeck
at Farsund.

5. Bathyporeia pelagica, Sp. Bate.

(PI. 44, fig. 1).

Bathyporeia pelagica, Sp. Bate, Cat. Amphip. British Mus. p. 174, PI. XXXI, lig. G (male)

Syn : Bathyporeia pilosa, Stebbing (not Lindstrom).
Bathyporeia teuuipes, Meiuert.

Body comparatively more slender and compressed than in the preccd
ing species, especially in the male. Cephalon fully as long as the first
segments of mesosome combined, lateral corners obtusely rounded. First pair

17 Crustacea.

130

*

of eoxal plates less narrowed in front, tip obtusely pointed ; the 2 succeeding
pairs with the dentiform projection obsolete. Last pair of epimeral plates
of metasome obtusely rounded, without any tooth-like projection at the la-
teral corners. First segment of urosome deeply impressed at the base dor-
sally, especialh r in the male, and having, as in the preceding species, posteriorly
a pair of small spines and 2 anteriorly curved bristles. Eyes in female rather
small, rounded oval, in male considerably larger, pigment bright red. Supe-
rior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle scarcely twice as long as the
other 2 combined; flagellum in female composed of 0, in male of 9 articula-
tions; accessory appendage with the basal joint rather narrow and spinous
on the outer edge only, terminal joint nearly half as long as the basal. Fla-
gellum of the inferior antennae in female much shorter than the 2 last pe-
duncular joints combined and 7-articulate, in male about equalling the length
of the body. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos oblong oval, somewhat
shorter than the carpus. Pereiopoda nearly as in the preceding species, though
less richly setous Last pair of uropoda with the basal joint of the outer
ramus scarcely dilated distally, terminal joint nearly half as long as the
former, and without any lateral setae in the female. Telson with a smaller
number of apical spines, lateral spines only 2 on each side. Body very
pellucid, and almost colourless. Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 5
mm; that of male about the same.

Remarks. - The redescription of the British form of Bathyporeia by
the Rev. Mr. Stebbing has enabled me to identify this species with B. pelagica
Sp. Bate. Though very nearly allied to the preceding species, it may on closer
examination be readily distinguished in both sexes by the obtusely rounded
form of the last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome, not to speak of
its greatly inferior size. From B. pilosa it is, moreover, easily known by the
bright red ocular pigment, and by the much more slender form of the 2
posterior pairs of pereiopoda. The form named by Meinert as B. tentdjtes
seems to be this species.

Occurrence. - The present species occurred in great numbers together
with the preceding one, in the Ognebugt off Jaederen, and was immediately
recognized as a distinct species, though 1 at first erroneously regarded it as
B. Robertsonii Sp. Bate *). A single specimen of the same species was col-
lected during the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition at Host, the out-
most of the Lofoten Isles, and quite recently I have had an opportunity of
examining numerous specimens of this form, collected by Mr. Schneider in the
neighbourhood of Tromso, partly within the littoral zone, as also a single

*) See: Oversigt af Norges Crastaceer I, p. 84.

131

male specimen from Vardo. It thus appears that the species occurs along the
whole coast of Norway.

Distribution. Bohuslan (Stockholm Museum), Kattegat (Meinert),

British Isles (Sp. Bate and others), coast of France (Chevreux).

6. Bathyporeia Robertsonii, Sp. Bate.

(PL 44, fig. 2.)
Batliyporda Robertsonii, Sp. Bate, Cat. Aruphip. Brit. Mus. p. 173, PI. XXXJ, fiir. 5.

Body of the adult male comparatively slender and compressed, \vith
powerfully developed metasome. Cephalon transversely truncated in front,
the lateral corners being not at all projecting. Coxal plates about as in the
preceding species. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome evenly rounded at
the lateral corners. First segment of urosome deeply impressed at the base
dorsally, the posterior hump having only 2 anteriorly curved bristles, but no
trace of any spines. Eyes rather large, oblong oval or reniform, pigment very
dark. Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle about twice as long
as the other 2 combined ; ttagellum composed of 9 articulations ; accessory appen-
dage with the terminal joint extremely small, the basal one rather strong, with
a tuft of slender spines in the middle of the inner edge. Inferior antennse (of
the adult male) scarcely exceeding half the length of the body, flagellum about
twice the length of the peduncle, and composed of 17 very distinctly denned
articulations, each, with the exception of the last 2 bearing at the end
anteriorly a rather large calceola. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos
ovate in form and about as long as the carpus, dactylus curved in the form
of a hook. Pereiopoda nearly as in B. pelagica. Last pair of uropoda with
the basal joint of the outer ramus rather expanded, terminal joint very small,
scarcely exceeding in length V& of the basal one. Telson about as in B. prln-
gica. Colour, according to Sp. Bate, whitish, mottled along the back with light
pink. Length of adult male 6 mm.

Remarks. - On examining the British Bathyporeia (B. pelagica), the
Rev. Mr. Stebbing was led to the conclusion, that the 3 forms described by
Sp. Bate as B. pilosa, Robertsonn and pelagica were not specifically distinct,
the first being the female, the 2nd the young male, and the 3rd the adult
male of one and the same species. This may perhaps be correct as regards
the 1st and 3rd forms, but he was certainly wrong in referring also B. Rolni-
sonii to the same species; for the form named so by Sp. Bate is evidently
not a young male but a fully adult one, a fact easily accounted for by the
presence of distinct calceolse on both pairs of antennae. In young male speci-
mens of B. pelagica the inferior antennae may often lie found as short as in

132

B. Rdberlsonii, but in this case the calceolse are always wholly absent, and
replaced by simple bristles (see fig. 1. a 2 <$ -7-). The present species is, more-
over, at once distinguished from the former by the dark pigment of the eyes,
and by the absolute want of spines on the 1st segment of the urosome.

Occurrence. - - Of this form only 3 specimens have come under my
notice, all of which were adult males. They were found at Sorvser, west
coast of Finmark, in a depth of 3 6 fathoms, sandy bottom.

Distribution. British Isles (Cumbrse), Shetland Isles (Jeffreys), coast
of France (Chevreux).

7. Bathyporeia gracilis, G. 0. Sars, n. sp..

(PL 45, fig. 1).

Body rather slender in form, though not very much compressed. Cepha-
lon about the length of the first 2 segments of mesosome combined, truncated
in front, the lateral corners obtusely rounded. First pair of coxal plates
rather narrow, obtusely pointed at the tip; the 3 succeeding pairs scarcely
deeper than the body. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome regularly
rounded at the lateral corners. First segment of urosome very slightly im-
pressed dorsally, and having 2 pairs of very small spines, besides 2 anteriorly
curved bristles. Eyes imperfectly developed, and not at all visible in alcoholic
specimens. Superior antennse with the 1st joint of the peduncle about as
long as the other 2 combined; flagellum in female composed of 6, in male of
8 articulations; accessory appendage with the terminal joint very small, scarcely
exceeding in length l /5 of the basal one, the latter with the inner edge
smooth. Inferior antennse in female fully twice as long as the superior,
flagellum very slender, about the length of the 2 outer peduncular joints
combined, and composed of 8 articulations coarsely spinous at the end anteriorly ;
those of male scarcely longer than in female, flagellum composed of 13 arti-
culations, the first 5 of which are provided with distinct calceolse. Anterior
gnathopoda with the propodos much shorter than the carpus and regularly
oval in form. The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda much more slender than
in any of the other species known; antepenultimate pair with the meral joint
but little expanded and scarcely as long as the 2 outer joints combined; the
2 last pairs with the carpal and propodal joints very elongate and narrow.
Last pair of uropoda with the terminal joint of the outer ramus about equal-
ling in length 1 /3 of the basal one and having both edges smooth. Lobes of
the telson rather narrow, each with only 4 apical spines and 2 lateral. Co-
lour not stated. Length of adult female 6 mm; of male about the same.

133

rix. This is a very distinct species, easily distinguishable in
both sexes from the other species here described both by its slender form of
body, and by the structure of the inferior antennae and the 3 posterior pairs
of pereiopoda, and finally by the imperfectly developed visual organs.

Occurrence. Only two specimens, male and female, have hitherto
come under my notice. They were both taken, a long time ago, oft' the west
coast of Norway, from rather deep water, the exact locality not stated.

8. Bathyporeia pilosa, Lindstrom.

(PI. 46, fig. 2)
Bathyporeia pilosa, Lindstrom, Ofvers. af Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1855, p. 59.

Form of body about as in B. pelagica, though perhaps a little more
robust. Cephalon obtusely truncated in front, Coxal plates comparatively
small, scarcely as deep as the body, 1st pair obtusely pointed at the tip,
the 2 succeeding ones without any distinct dentiform projection. Last pair
of epimeral plates of metasome obtusely rounded at the lateral corners. First
segment of urosome but slightly impressed dorsally and without any trace of
spines, having only a pair of very small anteriorly curved bristles. Eyes in
female small, rounded oval in form, in male somewhat larger, pigment blackish.
Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle scarcely twice the length
of the other 2 combined; liagellum in female composed of 6, in male of 12
articulations; accessory appendage with the basal joint much coarser than in 7>.
pelaciga, terminal joint slightly exceeding in length YS of the former. Inferior
antennae in female but little longer than the superior, nagellum shorter than
the 2 outer peduncular joints combined and 8-articulate ; those of male nearly
attaining the length of the body. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos
about as long as the carpus, and oval in form. Antepenultimate pair of
pereiopoda with the meral joint considerably expanded and densely fringed
with ciliated setse, the 2 outer joints comparatively short, and combined by
far not attaining the length of the meral one. The 2 posterior pairs of pereio-
poda much shorter and coarser in structure than in any of the other species.
Last pair of uropoda with the basal joint of the outer ramus rather expanded,
terminal joint comparatively small, scarcely exceeding in length Y* <>*' the
basal. Lobes of telson shorter than in the preceding species, each with (i api-
cal and 3 lateral spines. Colour not stated. Length of adult female scarcely
exceeding 5 mm.

Remarks. - - This species, the first one described, somewhat resembles
in its general habitus and size B. iteluyica Sp. Bate, with which it has also
been confounded by several authors. On closer examination it is, however,

134

found to differ by a somewhat more robust form of body, by the dark pigment
of the eyes and especially by the coarse structure of the 2 posterior pairs of
pereiopoda. It also wholly wants the 2 small dorsal spines on the 1st seg-
ment of the urosome, present in most other species.

Occurrence. The species has not yet been observed oft the coast
of Norway and is only described here in order to show its relation to the
other species. The figures here given have been drawn from specimens in
the Stockholm Museum. It was first detected by Mr. Lindstrom in the Baltic
off Gotland and has subsequently been found in several other localities both
of the Baltic and the Kattegat, in depths varying from 2 to 40 fathoms. The
extrascandinavian distribution of the species is very questionable, as it has
been generally confounded with other allied species.

Gen. 4. HaustoriuS, Statins Miiller, 1775.
Syn: Lepidactylis, Say.

Pterygocera, Latreille.
Bellia, Sp. Bate.
Sulcator, Sp. Bate.

Body short and robust, with rather large coxal plates, the 3 anterior
pairs of which are curved and obtusely pointed at the tip. Cephaloii depres-
sed and produced in front to a short rostral projection. Metasome poorly
developed, with small epimeral plates. Urosome generally folded beneath the
metasome. Superior antennae with the joints of the peduncle sharply defined
and densely setous, accessory appendage well developed. Inferior antennae
longer than the superior, penultimate joint of the peduncle laminarly expan-
ded and fringed posteriorly with long ciliated setae. Mandibles of usual
structure, palp rather large. First pair of maxillae with a densely ciliated
flap-shaped expansion outside the basal part, masticatory lobe transversely
truncated at the tip, basal lobe not very large, palp well developed with the
terminal joint curved, and provided with tufts of slender bristles. Second
pair of maxillae largely developed, outer lobe forming a thin semilunar la-
mella finely ciliated on the outer edge and fringed along the inner edge with
a dense series of very delicate setae, inner lobe much shorter than the outer,
and having outside a sigmoid, setous ridge. Maxillipeds of moderate size,
basal and masticatory lobes nearly equal in size, and setous on the inner edge,
palp rather large, with the 2nd joint produced at the end interiorly to a
rounded lobe, and having, on the inner side, several transverse rows of very
delicate bristles, third joint securiform, bent, in the middle, at a right angle,

135

dactylus wanting. (Inathopoda comparatively feeble in structure, propodos
of the anterior ones simple, without any distinctly defined palmar edge, tli;ii
of the posterior ones forming, at the tip, a minute chela, The 2 anterior pairs
of pereiopoda comparatively robust, carpal joint having, posteriorly, a rounded
lamellar expansion, propodal joint constricted at the base, outer part obtusely
rounded. The 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda very largely developed, with
the basal, meral and carpal joints expanded to scale-like pieces, Hanking the
sides of the animal. Dactylus wanting in all the pereiopoda. Pleopoda
poorly developed. Uropoda rather dissimilar in structure, 1st pair compara-
tively strong, with both rami coarsely spinous at the truncated tips; 2nd
pair much smaller, with the rami setous ; last pair with the rami slender
linear, the outer biarticulate, and longer than the inner, both setous at the
tip. Telson forming a broad plate slightly incised in the middle.

Remarks. - Of the several names assigned to this genus, that of
Haustorins proposed by Statins Muller is by far the oldest, and should there-
fore, as pointed out by the Rev. Mr. Stebbing, according to the laws of
priority, be preferred, though its adjective termination would seem to be less
appropriate. Boeck referred the genus to his subfamily Phoxince, and Dr.
Bovallius has subsequently proposed for its reception a new subfamily Ptery-
gocerinn. In my opinion it should more properly be referred to the Ponto-
poreiidce, exhibiting, as it does, several points of evident agreement on the one
side with such true Pontoporeiidse as the genus Priscilla, on the other with
the genus Urothoe, now generally referred to the same family. The genus
comprises, as yet, but a single species, though it may perhaps be questioned
whether the Lepidactylis dytiscus of Say is the same species as the European
form here described.

9. Hailstorms arenarius, (Slabber).

(PI 46).
Oniscus arenarius, Slabber, Natuurkundige Verlustigingen etc. p. 92, PI. 11, fig. 34.

Body very tumid, with broadly vaulted back. Ceplialon about the
length of the first 2 segments of mesosome combined, much depressed in its
anterior part, rostral projection short triangular, lateral corners lying nearly
in the sanie plan as the former, acute. The 4 anterior pairs of coxal plates
considerably deeper than the body and successively increasing in si/e posteriorly:
4th pair subtruncated at the tip and very slightly emarginatcd posteriorly;
5th pair almost twice as broad as it is deep; 6th pair oblique, with the posterior
lobe considerably deeper than the anterior. Last segment of metasome much
larger than the other two, and flattened above, epimeral plates rounded, with

136

several transverse rows of bristles. Eyes imperfectly developed, inconspicuous
in alcoholic specimens. Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle
shorter than the other 2 combined, 2nd joint fringed posteriorly with long
setae ciliated in a peculiar manner; flagellum shorter than the peduncle and
composed of 9 articulations ; accessory appendage about half the length of the
flagellum and 5-articulate. Inferior antennas but slightly exceeding in length
the superior, penultimate joint of the peduncle by far the largest, and forming
posteriorly a broad lamellar expansion fringed with long ciliated setae, last
joint of the peduncle rather short, with the posterior edge bulging out in
the middle, and likewise densely setiferous ; flagellum shorter than the peduncle,
and composed of 10 articulations. Gnathopoda subequal in size, the posterior
ones somewhat more slender, propodos in both much smaller than the carpus.
Antepenultimate pair of pereiopoda with the meral and carpal joints trans-
versely dilated and armed on the exterior face with several transverse rows
of short spines; penultimate pair the largest, meral joint about as large as
the basal, carpal joint rounded quadrangular; last pair with the basal joint
rather expanded, fully as large as the meral and carpal joints combined,
propodal joint somewhat broader than in the 2 preceding pairs. The outer
joints in all 3 pairs, edged with tufts of short spines. Last pair of uropoda
with the inner ramus somewhat longer than the basal joint of the outer,
both provided at the tip with a dense brush of bristles. Telson fully twice as
broad as it is long, cleft not extending to the middle, each terminal lobe having
a dense tuft of spiniform bristles at the apex and 2 similar bristles on the
middle of the outer edge. Colour, according to Sp. Bate, light yellowish
gray, or resembling the sand in which the animal lives . Length of adult
female 11 mm.

Remarks. The external appearance of this creature is so remarkable,
that none of the naturalists who have observed it after the time of Slabber,
has ever hesitated in regarding it as the type of a very distinct genus. We
believe, however, that some of the most striking characteristics, especially the
very peculiar development of the pereiopoda, may strictly be explained as
merely adaptive modifications standing in close connection with the peculiar
habits of the animal, it being indubitably, of all known Amphipoda, the most
exquisite burrower.

i

Occurrence. I have never myself met with this form, nor seen any
Norwegian specimen; but Boeck states its occurrence at Karmo, west coast
of Norway, having, however, only found some shrunk fragments of the animal,
but no complete specimens. The figures here given have been drawn from
specimens kindly sent to the author from Dr. Stuxberg, director of the Museum
in Gruteborg.

137

Distribution. Holland (Slabber), British Isles (Sp. Bate), Kattegat
(Bovallius); coast of France (Chevreux); ? east coast of North \merica
(Say).

(len. 5. Urothoe, Dana, 1852.
Syn: Egidia Costa.

Sulcator, Sp. Bate (ex parte).

Body very short and thick, with the coxal plates of moderate size.
Cepnalon rather large and broad, slightly produced in front, and forming on
each side, behind the insertion of the antennae, a triangular deflexed lobe,
lateral corners very slight, Metasome and urosome normally developed.
Superior antennae similar in the 2 sexes, very slender, joints of the peduncle
elongate and nearly cylindric in form, the last 2 generally bent in an elbow-
shaped manner; flagellum much shorter than the peduncle; accessory appen-
dage small, but distinctly developed. Inferior antennae in female scarcely
longer than the superior, and generally reflexed along the sides of the cephalon,
the 2 outer joints of the peduncle coarsely spinous on the exterior side,
flagellum only composed of a very restricted number of articulations ; those
of male nearly attaining the length of the body, last joint of the peduncle
provided anteriorly with a series of very large calceolse; flagellum very
slender and filiform, likewise provided with distinct though much smaller
calceolse. Mandibles unusually strong, cutting part scarcely denticulate, molar
expansion large and protruding, no spines between either; palp comparatively
small and narrow. First pair of maxilla? rather feeble, masticatory lobe
narrowly truncated at the tip, basal lobe very narrow, palp comparatively
small, with the terminal joint scarcely larger than the basal, and not at all
expanded, nor dentate. Second pair of maxillae of normal structure, fully as
large as the 1st pair, outer lobe somewhat larger than the inner. Maxillipeds
of moderate size, masticatory lobe not very large, and spinous on the inner
edge, palp well developed, penultimate joint strongly constricted at the base,
and gradually dilated distally, nearly club-shaped, dactylus slender and feeble.
Grnathopoda almost exactly alike in structure, rather feeble, subcheliform,
propodos much smaller than the carpus and triangular in form. All pereio-
poda having well developed dactyli; antepenultimate pair somewhat unlike
the 2 posterior pairs, basal joint not very large, the outer joints more or
less expanded, and provided with long ciliated set* and transverse rows of
spines; the 2 last pair considerably more slender, with the basal joint lami-
naiiy expanded, penultimate pair the longest. Second pair of uropodn very

18 a Crustacea.

138

small, scarcely half as long as the 1st; last pair well-developed, with both
rami foliaceous and setons on both edges, more richly so in the male, outer
ramus with a distinct, though rather small terminal joint. Telson of moderate
size, scale-like, and cleft nearly to the base.

Remarks. - As already observed by Sp. Bate, this genus exhibits an
unmistakable resemblance to- the preceding genus both as to habits, and in its
general appearance, and also a slight similarity to some of the Phoxi cephalidae,
especially the genus Paraphoxus. may be found. Boeck was thereby led to
refer both these genera to the latter family, though in my opinion their
anatomical structure seems to bring them much nearer to the Pontoporeiid.se.
The genus here spoken of would seem to comprise a rather great number of
nearly allied species. Sp. Bate described, in his well known work, 4 British
species as U. Bairdii, marina, brevicornis and elegans ; but as the distinction of
these species, to a great extent, was founded on merely sexual characteristics,
their validity has been questioned by most subsequent authors. Quite recently,
however, the Rev. Mr. Stebbing has redescribed the 3 latter species in both
sexes, and found some minor differences between them, apparently of specific
value. The 4th species of Sp. Bate, U. Bairdii, which was regarded by
Boeck as a synonym to his U. norvegica, is, according to the Rev. Mr. Stebbing,
only a young male of U. marina. Besides these, a well-marked Mediterranean
species, U. pulchella Costa, is known, and the author has added a new species,
U. abbreviate, from the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition. The species on
which Dana founded his genus, U. irrostrata, is still very imperfectly examined,
as is also the case with some other species referred by several authors to
the same genus. The very anomalous form described by the Rev. Mr. Stebbing
from the Challenger Expedition as U. lachneessa, was subsequently referred
by that author to a particular genus Urothoides.

10. Urothoe norvegica, Boeck.

(PL 47).
Urothoe norvegica, Boeck, Forhandl. ved de Skand. Natnrf. M0de 1860, p. 647.

Body of female extremely tumid and pulpy, nearly depressed and
scarcely attenuated anteriorly, back broadly vaulted; that of male somewhat
less tumid, with the metasome comparatively more powerfully developed.
Cephalon exceeding in length the first 3 segments of mesosome combined,
rostral projection very slight, lateral corners in female nearly obsolete, in
male more distinct and almost right-angled. The 2 anterior pairs of coxal
plates rather narrow, setous at the truncated tip; 3rd pair considerably larger;
4th pair the largest, obliquely truncated distally, and exhibiting in the middle

139

of the posterior edge a somewhat projecting angle; the 3 posterior pairs
comparatively small. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome nearly right-
angled. First segment of urosome flattened above, Eyes in female very
small, rounded, in male much larger, broadly oval, pigment in both sexes
blackish. Superior antennae about twice the length of the cephalon, penul-
timate joint of the peduncle the longest; flagellum in female scarcely attaining
the length of that joint and composed of 6 articulations, in male somewlml
more elongated and 8-articulate ; accessory appendage about half as long as
the flagellum and triarticulate. Inferior antennae in female nearly as long
as the superior, penultimate joint of the peduncle by far the largest, flagel-
lum about the length of the last joint of the peduncle, and composed of 3
joints, the 1st of which equals in length the other 2 combined; those of male
not quite attaining the length of the body, last joint of the peduncle provided
with 7 calceolee. Antepenultimate pair of pereiopoda with the outer joints
moderately expanded, dactylus simple, acuminate. Second pair of uropoda
with the rami styliform, not curved in a hook-like manner; last pair with
the inner ramus about as long as the basal joint of the outer; both rami in
male densely fringed with ciliated setse. Telson oval triangular, somewhat
more long than broad, cleft very narrow, each of the terminal lobes with a
slight indentation at the tip, in the bottom of which a short spine and a
small bristle are affixed. Colour yellowish, changing in the female to light
orange. Length of adult female G mm, of male about the same.

Bemarlcs. This species is very nearly allied to U. elegans Sp. Bate,
as recently described by the Rev. Mr. Stebbing, and scarcely exhibits any
more prominent distinctive character except the coloration. It is also very
like U. marina of the same author, though differing by its somewhat smaller
size, and by the structure of the uropoda.

Occurrence. I have met with this form not rarely in several locali-
ties off the west coast of Norway, as also in the Trondhjemsfjord and along
the whole coast of Nordland up to Hasvig in West Finmark. Boeck collected
it in the Christianiafjord and at Haugesund. It occurs in depths varying
from 20 to 100 fathoms, especially where the bottom consists of a loose sandy
clay, in which it may be found to burrow itself with great dexterity.

Distribution. - - Shetland Isles (Norman).

140

Gen. 6. Argissa, Boeck, 1870.
Syn : Chimseropsis, Meinert.

Body highly compressed, glabrous, somewhat more slender in male
than in female. Cephalon of moderate size, without any rostral projection.
Coxal plates very unequally developed, the first 3 pairs rapidly decreasing
in size posteriorly; 4th pair, on the other hand, largely developed, especially
in the female, and nearly clypeiform. Metasome and urosome well developed,
especially in the male. Eyes of very simple structure, exhibiting on each
side a restricted number of small lenticular bodies imbedded at the periphery
of a common pigmentary mass. Both pairs of antennae rather slender and
only sparsely setous, the superior ones shorter than the inferior and provi-
ded with a small accessory appendage. Antennae of male more slender than
in female but without any trace of calceolse. Mandibles rather large, body
navicular in form, cutting edge well developed with both lamellae denticulate,
molar expansion large and protruding; between both a dense series of spini-
form bristles ; palp unusually small, but consisting of the normal number of
joints. First pair of maxillae with the masticatory lobe rather narrow, basal
lobe small, palp well developed, with the terminal joint expanded in its outer
part, and denticulate at the tip. Second pair of maxillae of the usual structure,
with both lobes about equal-sized. Maxillipeds with the masticatory lobe of
medium size and exhibiting interiorly a simple sharpened edge; 'palp narrow,
almost cylindric, dactylus slender spiniform. Gnathopoda similar in structure,
simple, not subcheliform, the propodos attenuated and without any distinctly
defined palmar edge. Pereiopoda nearly naked, the 2 anterior pairs very
small, the 2 succeeding ones with the basal joint moderately expanded; last pair
rather unlike the preceding ones, basal joint largely developed, the outer
joints partly laminarly expanded and edged with ciliated setae ; dactylus in
all very small. The 2 first pairs of uropoda normal ; last pair with the rami
foliaceous, the outer one having a very small spiniform terminal joint, inner
edge of both rami setous, the setae in male more developed than in female
and finely ciliated. Telson rather large, laminar and deeply cleft.

Remarks. This is, unquestionably, the most anomalous of the genera
referred to the family Pontoporeiidae. Some characteristics seem, in fact, to point
to a closer relationship to quite a different family, viz, that of the Ampcliscidce,
and perhaps the genus should more properly have been referred to that
family, in spite of the presence of an accessory appendage to the superior
antennae. As, however, Boeck has regarded it as a true Pontoporeiid genus,
I prefer, provisionally, to accept his opinion.

141
11. Argissa typica, Boeck.

(PL 48).

Argissa typica, Boeck, Crust amphip. bor. & arctica, p. 45.
Syn: Chimeeropsis danica, Meiuert (male).

Body as a rule strongly curved, exhibiting at first sight an immistak
able resemblance to that of an Ampelisca. Cephalon exceeding in length
the first 2 segments of mesosome combined, subtruncated in front, lateral
corners but little projecting and narrowly rounded. First pair of coxa 1 plates
rather large, gradually widening distally, with the edges evenly curved and
provided with slender bristles; the 2 succeeding pairs narrowly triangular in
form and rapidly decreasing in size; 3rd pair very small; 4th pair in female
of extraordinary size, oval in form, and very slightly emarginated posteriorly
in its upper part, the edges evenly curved and smooth, those in male cons!
derably smaller; the 2 succeeding pairs of moderate size, with the posterior
lobe much deeper than the anterior. Last pair of epimeral plates of meta-
some nearly rectangular. Urosome in female quite smooth above, in male
with 2 vaulted transverse expansions, the posterior very large and overhanging
the last segment. Eyes rounded in form, each containing 4 small bigeminous
lenticular bodies arranged in regular distance from each other, pigment red
with a whitish coating. Superior antennae in female about the length of the
cephalon and the first 3 segments of mesosome combined, joints of the peduncle
regularly diminishing in size, the 1st being about as long as the other 2
taken together, all provided with simple scattered bristles, tlagellum very
slender, about the length of the peduncle, and composed of 7 articulations;
accessory appendage very small, scarcely as long as the last joint of the
peduncle, biarticulate, terminal joint extremely minute. Same antennas in
male a little more slender, tlagellum nearly twice the length of the peduncle,
its first 2 articulations fused together into a single rather large joint, provided
posteriorly with numerous transverse rows of fine sensitive cilia. Inferior
antennas in female nearly twice as long as the superior, joints of the peduncle
narrow cylindric, and nearly smooth, the penultimate one by far the longest ;
flagellum scarcely longer than the two outer joints of the peduncle combined,
and composed of 7 articulations; those of male much more slender and don-
gated than in female, though not quite attaining the length of the body, tla-
gellum about the length of the peduncle and composed of the same number
of joints as in the female. Grnathopoda densely setous, propodos mneli shorter
and narrower than the carpus, dactylus slender and feeble. The 2 anterior
pairs of pereiopoda scarcely attaining the length of the gnathopoda and in
female almost entirely concealed by the large 4th pair of coxal plates. Penul-
timate pair of pereiopoda a little more slender than the antepenultimate ones.

18 b Crustacea.

142

with the basal joint somewhat smaller and more regularly oval in form; last
pair considerably larger than any of the preceding pairs, basal joint smooth,
oblong oval, somewhat longer than the remaining part of the leg, and forming
posteriorly a deflexed rounded lobe reaching nearly to the end of the meral
joint. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus a little shorter than the
outer, both broadly lanceolate in form. Telson in female subtriangular, cleft
extending far beyond the middle and very narrow, fissure-like; in male
somewhat more regularly oval in form ; in botli sexes nearly smooth, excepting a
pair very small hair-like bristles at the tip. Colour whitish, pellucid, with
an orange tinge on the antennae and legs. Length of adult female 5 mm,
of male 6 mm.

Remarks. This is the only as yet known species of the genus and
cannot be confounded with any other Amphipod. The rather marked sexual
difference, present in this genus, has prevented Prof. Meinert from recognizing,
in the form he describes as Cliimceropsis danica, the adult male of Argissa typica
of Boeck. That both these forms belong to one and the same species cannot
be questioned.

Occurrence. I have met with this remarkable form in two localities
off Finmark, viz., at Mehavn, near the North Cape, and in the Varangerfjord,
at Vadso. In both localities it occurred, not infrequently, on a muddy bottom,
depth varying from 20 to 100 fathoms. A single specimen I have taken at
Egersund, south coast of Norway, and Boeck records it also from Christiania-
fjord. It thus seems to occur along the whole coast of Norway. The animal
is rather sluggish, and, when brought under the microscope, secretes a clear
viscid fluid, probably derived from some glandular bodies found imbedded
within the basal joint of the 3 posterior pairs of pereiopoda.

Distribution. - Greenland (Hansen), Kattegat (Meinert).

Fam. 4. Phoxocephalidae.

Body more or less fusiform in shape. Cephalon produced in front to
a hooded rostrum covering over the base of the antennae, lateral corners
obsolete, postantennal angle distinct. Coxal plates rather large, the 4 anterior
pairs obtusely truncated at the tip; 4th pair the largest; 5th pair bilobed,
the posterior lobe the deeper. Metasome not very powerful except in the
male. Urosome in female rather stout, in male much narrower and having
the segments more or less distinctly carinated dorsally. Eyes, when present,
placed on the sides of the cephalon, Antennse in female comparatively short,

143

the superior ones provided with a well-developed accessory appendage; those
in male more or less modified. Epistome not projecting. Anterior and post
erior lips about as in the Pontoporeiidce. Mandibles very short, masticatory
part but little expanded and strongly incurved, cutting edge well-developed,
molar expansion generally very slight, palp rather large. Maxillae extremely
small, 1st pair with the palp poorly developed, basal lobe small and simple;
2nd pair with both lobes short and rounded at the tip. Maxillipecls with the
masticatory and basal lobes poorly developed, palp on the other hand large
and pediform. Grnathopoda subsimilar, rather powerful, with large distinctly
subcheliform hands, the palmar edge of which is defined posteriorly by a more
or less projecting thumb-like process armed inside with a strong spine. An-
terior pereiopoda of the usual structure, the 3 posterior pairs rather dissimilar,
penultimate pair by far the longest, last pair with the basal joint laminarly
expanded. Branchial lamellae simple. Pleopoda in female rather small, in
male much more powerful. The 2 anterior pairs of uropoda normal; last
pair, as a rule, rather small, with the outer ramus Inarticulate and spinous
in female. Telson small, cleft to the base.

Remark*. This family is nearly allied to the Pontoporeiida, with
which I have formerly combined it. As it however contains several closely
allied genera, I prefer, at present, to keep it apart as a separate family.
The most striking feature of the forms comprised in this family, is undoubtedly
the peculiar form of the cephalon, which is produced in front in the form of
a hood, covering over the bases of the antennae. The powerful structure of the
gnathopoda also affords a well-marked characteristic to distinguish them from
the Pontoporeiidae. As to habits, all the forms are true burrowers, consequently-
occurring only where the bottom consists of loose material, as sand or mud.
The family comprises, as yet, 4 genera, all of which are represented in the
fauna of Norway.

Gen. 1. Phoxocephalus, Stebbing, 1888.
Syn: Phoxus, Kroyer (part).

Body rather stout and moderately compressed. Hood of the cephahm
acute. The 4 anterior pairs of coxal plates successively increasing in si/i-
posteriorly and provided inferiorly with a few simple bristles; 4th pair not
very much expanded distally and but slightly emarginated posteriorly in tln-ii-
upper part; 5th pair with the posterior lobe rounded. Superior antennae
shorter than the inferior; the latter in male very elongated and slender, with the
flagellum filiform and provided with distinct calceoh.'. Mandibles rather stout.

144

molar expansion distinctly developed, palp of moderate size having the 2 outer
joints not very much expanded. First pair of maxillae with the palp very
small, uniarticulate, and tipped by a few slender spines; 2nd pair with the
lobes nearly equal-sized. Maxillipeds witli the masticatory lobe scarcely
larger than the basal one and armed with a series of curved spines increasing
in length distally, palp well-developed, with the penultimate joint regular
oval, dactylus slender. Griiathopoda more or less unequal in size, the posterior
ones being the larger. Antepenultimate pair of pereiopoda with the basal
joint laminarly expanded; last pair with the basal joint very large, clypei-
form. Last pair of uropoda in female with the inner ramus naked, mucroni-
form, and much shorter than the outer; those in male much larger, with
both rami well-developed, lanceolate, and edged with ciliated setse. Lobes
of telson rather narrow, especially in the male.

Remarks. The present genus, originally established by Kroyer,
constitutes the type of the family. The name Phoxus, proposed by that author,
having however been preemployed in the Entomology, the Rev. Mr. Stebbing
has substituted that of Plwxoceplialus, and accordingly the name of the family
must be changed from Plioxidce to Plioxoceplialidce. The genus comprises but
a single northern species; for the 2 forms formerly referred by the author
to that genus, I now regard as belonging to distinct, though nearly allied
genera. Of exotic species, the Rev. Mr. Stebbing has described 2 from the
Challenger Expedition as P. ~bassi and P. Kergudeni, both only in the male
sex, and Dr. Chevreux has added another species, P. maculatus from the
Expedition of Hirondelle.

1. Phoxocephalus Holbolli (Kroyer).

(Fl. 49).

Phoxus Holbolli, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 1 E., p. 157.
Syn: Phoxus Kroyeri, Stirnpson.

Body quite glabrous and rather high in proportion to its breadth.
Cephalon about the length of the 3 anterior segments of mesosome combined,
upper face nearly plain, hood acute triangular, reaching about to the end of
the peduncle of the superior antennae, postantennal corners nearly right-
angled. First pair of coxal plates but very little expanded distally and
scarcely different in form from the 2 succeeding ones, all 3 pairs oblong
quadrangular in form, with a series of about 10 simple bristles on the
posterior half of the distal edge; 4th pair scarcely broader in its outer part
than at the base, obliquely truncated posteriorly and exhibiting a somewhat
projecting angle above the middle. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome

145

narrowly rounded at the lateral corners, posterior edge slightly arched. Eves
imperfectly developed, consisting of an irregular mass of whitish pigment
without any trace of visual elements. Superior antennae with the 1st joint
of the peduncle about the length of the other 2 combined, Hagellum a litt It-
shorter than the peduncle, and consisting of 6 articulations, accessory appen-
dage slightly exceeding half the length of the nagellum, and 4-articulate.
Inferior antenna? in female considerably longer than the superior, penultimate
joint of the peduncle rather large, oblong oval, with 3 transverse rows of
spines, and a few slender and simple setae, fiagellum about the length of the
2 outer joints of the peduncle combined and 6-artic.ulate ; those of male nearly
attaining the length of the body, joints of the peduncle densely hairy in front,
nagellum, very slender. Gnathopoda not very powerful, the posterior ones
only slightly larger than the anterior, hand in both oblong oval, somewhat
dilated distally, palmar edge shorter than the hind margin. Antepenultimate
pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint moderately expanded, and broadest
in its proximal part; penultimate pair about half the length of the body;
last pair with the basal joint very large and broad, about as long as the
remaining part of the leg, posterior edge strongly curved and finely serrated.
Last pair of uropoda in female with the inner ramus scarcely exceeding half
the length of the outer, mucroniform and quite naked; those in male with
the rami nearly equal-sized, narrow lanceolate and fringed with long ciliated
sets?. Lobes of telson rather narrow and but slightly attenuated distally,
each with 2 small spines and a little bristle on the obtusely rounded tip.
Colour light buff, changing to orange, with opaque whitish shadows. Length
of adulte female 7mm, of male about the same.

Remarks. The above described species, the type of the genus as
here restricted, is easily known from the two Challenger species, as also from
that characterised by Dr. Chevreux, by the imperfectly developed eyes and
by the less powerful gnathopoda. The Phoxus Kroyeri of Stimpson is un-
doubtedly this species.

Occurrence. - The species would seem to be a genuine arctic form,
occurring in great abundance off the coast of Finmark, thus at Vadso, in
depths varying from 20 to 50 fathoms, especially where the bottom is sandy.
Off the west coast of Norway, it is much more rarely met with, though
occurring as far south as Egersund.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, Iceland, Jan
May en, Labrador; east coast of North America ; British Isles, coast of Bolms-
liin, Kattegat, the Baltic ; coast of France (Chevreux).

19 Crustacea.

146

Gen. 2. LeptOpllOXUS, (1. 0. Sara, n.
Syn: Phoxus, auctorum (part).

Body much more slender tlian in the preceding genus. Cephalon
slightly keeled anteriorly, tip of the hood more or less distinctly curved down-
wards. Coxal plates of moderate size and provided at the infero-posteal
corner with a few simple bristles; 1st pair more or less expanded distally ;
4th pair considerably broader than the preceding ones, and deeply emarginated
posteriorly in their upper part; 5th pair with the posterior lobe subtruncated
at the tip. Superior antennae much smaller than the inferior; the latter having
the joints of the peduncle considerably expanded, and the flagellum in female
very short, in male slender and elongated. Mandibles with the molar expan-
sion poorly developed, forming an extremely small unarmed lappet, palp very
large with the 2 outer joints laminarly expanded, the last widening distally
and provided on the transversely truncated tip with a series of curved setae.
Maxillae about as in the preceding genus. Maxillipeds with the basal lobe
very small and acuminate at the tip, penultimate joint of the palp more or
less produced at the outer corner. Gnathopoda very unequal in size, the
posterior ones being much more powerful than the anterior, hand in both
nearly quadrangular in form. Antepenultimate pair of pereiopoda having the
basal joint considerably expanded; penultimate pair very slender; last pair
with the basal joint large and clypeiform. Last pair of uropoda exactly
alike in the two sexes, inner ramus very small, spiniform, outer slender, without
setse, but with a few tufts of spines. Telson nearly as in the preceding genus.

Remarks. I have thought it necessary to establish this new genus
in order to include the species formerly named by me as Phoxns falcatu*.
The closer anatomical examination of this form, subsequently instituted by the
author, has revealed some peculiar characteristics apparently of generic value,
overlooked at that time. Thus the structure of the mandibles is very charac-
teristic, as also the peculiar form of the penultimate joint of the palp of the
maxillipeds. Finally, the uniform appearance of the last pair of uropoda in the
two sexes, is a characteristic by which this genus materially differs from all
known Phoxocephalidae. Besides the Norwegian species described below, the
Phoxus simplex of Sp. Bate seems to belong to the present genus. I have
received from Dr. Chevreux specimens of a small species from the French
coast, which I believe is identical with the above-named British form, and
which seems to agree pretly well in all essential characteristics with the Nor-
wegian form, though being evidently specifically distinct.

__JL47_
2. Leptophoxus falcatus, G. 0. Sars.

(PI. 50).

Phoxus falcatus, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer I. \>. 84.
Syn : Phoxus simplex, Boeck (not Sp. Bate).

Body very slender and compressed, especially in the male, Cephal<m
exceeding the length of the 3 anterior segments of mesosome combined, lim.d
distinctly carinated along the middle and terminating with a hook-like deflexed
point, The 3 anterior pairs of coxal plates each with 3 small bristles at tin-
infero-posteal corner; 1st pair considerably expanded in their outer part, distal
edge arched; the 2 succeeding ones regularly quadrangular; 4th pair mudi
broader than the preceding ones, and transversely truncated posteriorly, upper
angle nearly right; 5th pair with the posterior lobe slightly expanded and
obtusely truncated at the tip, upper angle rather projecting. Last pair <>!'
epimeral plates of metasome with the posterior edge considerably arched,
lateral corners obtuse. Eyes wholly absent. Superior antennae much shorter
than the cephalon, 1st joint of the peduncle rather thick and considerably
exceeding the length of the other 2 combined, flagellum about the length of
the peduncle, and composed of 5 articulations, accessory appendage scarcely
half the length of the flagellum, and 3-articulate. Inferior antennae in female
nearly twice the length of the superior and more or less strongly curved,
the 2 outer joints of the peduncle armed anteriorly with tufts of slender
spines, and posteriorly with a few ciliated setse, fiagellum scarcely half the
length of the peduncle, and 5-articulate ; those of male not fully attaining the
length of the body. Penultimate joint of the palp of the maxillipeds pro-
duced at the outer corner to a narrow conical process tipped with 4 ciliated
setse. Gnathopoda rather powerful, hand of the anterior ones narrow quadnin-
gular, that of the posterior nearly twice as large, and subquadrate in form,
thumb-like process in both rather projecting. Antepenultimate pair of pereiopoda
with the basal joint fully as broad as it is long, posterior edge evenly arched;
penultimate pair nearly attaining half the length of the body ; last pair with
the basal joint rather large, though not attaining the length of the remaining
part of the leg, posterior edge obliquely arched, and exhibiting a few slight
serrations. The first 2 pairs of uropoda with both rami slender, mucroniform
and quite naked; last pair projecting considerably beyond the preceding ones,
inner ramus extremely small, the outer slender, with the terminal joint very
narrow and about half the length of the basal one. Telson slightly dilated
in the middle, each lobe tipped with a single spine and a small bristle.
Body whitish, pellucid. Length of adult female 4mm; of male about the same.

Remarks. - The present easily recognizable form, wliirli was errone-
ously identified by Boeck with Phoxus simjile.r Sp. Bate, is at oner distinguished

148

from that form by the peculiar manner in which the hood of the cephalon
terminates, its point being deflexed in the form of a hook, a characteristic that
gave rise to the specific name falcatus subsequently proposed by the author.
The absolute want of eyes is another characteristic to distinguish this species
from the species of Sp. Bate, which, to judge from the above-mentioned specimens
from the French coast, has well-developed visual organs, though the pigment,
after long immersion in spirit, may, more or less completely, disappear.

Occurrence. I have met with this form not rarely in several places
off the south and west coast of Norway, as also in the Trondhjemsfjord and
off the Nordland coast, in depths varying from 30 to 200 fathoms, muddy
bottom. Boeck collected it at Haugesund and in the Christianiafjord, where
I have also found it rather abundantly.

Distribution. - Coast of Bohuslan (Stockholm Museum).

Gen. 5. ParaphoXUS, G. 0. Sars, n.

Body rather stout, and but little compressed. Hood of cephalon evenly
vaulted, not carinated, nor deflexed at the point. The 4 anterior pairs of
coxal plates rather deep and provided on the distal edge with a series of
simple bristles ; 1st pair only very slightly expanded distally ; 4th pair rather
broad and deeply .emarginated posteriorly in their upper part; 5th pair with
the posterior lobe rounded. Antennae in female nearly equal-sized; inferior
ones in male not very elongated, flagellum very narrow and composed of a
rather restricted number of elongated articulations provided with comparatively
large calceolae. Mandibles with the molar expansion poorly developed, forming
a very small lappet tipped with 2 slender spines, palp extremely narrow and
but sparingly bristle-beset. First pair of maxillae with the palp larger than
in the 2 preceding genera, though only consisting of a single joint tipped with
small bristles; 2nd pair with the inner lobe smaller than the outer. Maxillipeds
with the basal lobe obtusely rounded at the tip, penultimate joint of the
palp oval, not produced at the outer corner, dactylus very slender and curved.
Gnathopoda exactly alike both in size and structure, hand oval, constricted
at the base. Pereiopoda about as in Phoxocephalus. Last pair of uropoda
rather dissimilar in the two sexes, in female comparatively simple in struc-
ture, with the inner ramus much shorter than the outer ; in male much larger,
with both rami well-developed, and fringed with ciliated setae. Lobes of tel-
son rather narrow.

149

Remark*. This new genus is nearly allied to Phoxoceplwlns, though
differing markedly in the structure of the mandibles and in the <-<|ual-sized
gnathopoda, in which respect it would seem to form a transit.. rv link to the
genus Harbin/a, with which genus it also agrees as regards the outer habitus.
The species upon which the genus is founded, was formerly referred l>y tin-
author to the genus Phozus (now* Phoxocephalus).

3. Paraphoxus oculatus, G-. 0. Sars.

(PI. 51).

Phoxus oculatus, G. O. Sars, Crustacea & Pycnogonida nova in itinere 2<lo et 3tio Expeditionis

Norvegicse inventa, No. 18.

Body in female rather short and tumid, in male somewhat more com-
pressed. Cephalon nearly attaining the length of the 4 anterior segments of
mesosome combined, hood evenly vaulted above, with the terminal edge roun-
ded in front. First pair of coxal plates scarcely broader than the succeeding
ones, distal edge subtruncated, and bearing about 14 bristles; the 2 succeeding
ones regularly quadrangular, each with about 8 bristles occupying the posterior
half of the distal edge; 4th pair fully twice as broad as the preceding ones,
the inferior and posterior edges forming together an even curve, upper corner
rounded; 5th pair with the posterior lobe scarcely widening below, and ob-
tusely rounded at the tip. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome narrowly
rounded at the lateral corners, posterior edge slightly convex. Eyes distinctly
developed, in female very small and rounded, in male (even in its not fully
developed state) very large, occupying nearly the whole height of the cephalon,
and oblong oval or reniforni, pigment dark. Superior anteniiEe in female
rather slender, about equalling in length the cephalon, 1st joint of the pe-
duncle about as long as the other 2 combined, flagellum somewhat shorter
than the peduncle and composed of 7 articulations, accessory appendage half
the length of the flagellum and 4-articulate ; those in male somewhat more
elongated, with a dense brush of hairs inside the 1st peduncular joint, flagel-
lum nearly as long as the peduncle, and provided with distinct calceolse.
Inferior antennae in female scarcely longer than the superior, penultimate
joint of the peduncle the largest, and provided at the end anteriorly with a
transverse series of slender spines, tiagellum about the length of the outer 2
joints of the peduncle combined, and composed of S articulations; those in
male scarcely exceeding half the length of the body, penultimate and ante
penultimate joints of the peduncle densely hairy in front, la si joint with :
calceolse in its outer part anteriorly, flagellum composed of about 20 articula-
tions. Gnathopoda with the hand slightly expanded in its outer part, palmar

150

edge shorter than the hind margin, the thumb-like process rather short. The
2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda with the dactylus unusually elongated, fully as
long as the propodal joint; antepenultimate pair with the basal joint oblong
quadrangular, much greater in length than in breadth ; penultimate pair very slen-
der, considerably exceeding half the length of the body; last pair with the basal
joint obliquely expanded, posterior edge strongly arched and distinctly serra-
ted, terminal part of the leg rather slender. Last pair of uropoda in female
with the inner ramus scarcely half the length of the outer, conical in form,
and tipped by 2 small setse ; those in male with both rami lanceolate and
nearly equal-sized. Lobes of telson obliquely truncated at the tip, forming
inwards a projecting corner, each with 3 small apical bristles. Colour grey-
ish white, semipellucid. Length of adult female 5 mm, of male 4 mm.

Remarks. - This is the only as yet known species of the genus, and
of the indigenous Phoxocephalidse the only form provided with distinctly
developed visual organs.

Occurrence. The species would seem to occur along the whole coast
of Norway, in moderate depths from 20 to 100 fathoms, muddy bottom. The
most southern locality where I have met with it, is Farsund, the most nor-
thern, Vadso. In the Trondhjemsfjord, I collected it last summer rather abun-
dantly, in a depth of about 100 fathoms.

Distribution. - Jan Mayen (Norw. North Atlantic Exped.), Greenland
(Hansen) ; coast of France (Chevreux).

Gen. 4. Harpinia, Boeck 1876.

Syn: Phoxus, Kroyer (part)-

Harpina, Boeck.

Body rather stout, subfusiform, moderately compressed. Hood of
cephalon evenly vaulted, not carinated nor defiexed at the tip. Coxal plates
rather large and provided on the distal edge with a number of strong plu-
mose setse; 4th pair very broad in their outer part, forming posteriorly, be-
low the deep emargination, a large rounded lobe ; 5th pair with the posterior
lobe rather deep and obliquely truncated at the tip, bearing a few plumose
setse at the inferior corner. Eyes in all known species wholly wanting.
Superior antennse with the 1st joint of the peduncle very large and provided
at the end interiorly with a group of large penicillate auditory bristles,
penultimate joint slightly expanded distally, and bearing on the posterior
edge a number of strong plumose setse. Inferior antennse scarcely longer than

151

the superior and strongly curved, penultimate joint of the peduncle exhibiting
at the end anteriorly a transverse row of slender spines and forming posteriorly
a rounded expansion beset with strong plumose setae and a number of curved
spines. Antenna 3 in male with the peduncles bearing dense tufts of sensor v
hairs, 1st joint of the flagellum of the superior ones very large and densely
hairy on the inferior edge, flagellum of the inferior ones not at all differing
from that in female, calceolse quite wanting in both pairs. Mandibles with
the masticatory part very short, molar expansion extremely small and tipped
by 3 slender spines, palp rather narrow and nearly naked except at the
obliquely truncated tip. First pair of maxillae with the palp distinctly In-
articulate; 2nd pair with the lobes subequal. Maxillipeds about as in the
preceding genera, but with the dactylus considerably smaller. Grnathopoda
nearly equal-sized, or the posterior ones slightly larger, hands in both pairs
oval, with the palmar edge more or less oblique. Antepenultimate pair of
pereiopoda with the basal joint linear and not at all expanded; penultimate
pair more or less elongated; last pair comparatively small, with the basal
joint laminar. Last pair of uropoda in female rather short, outer ramus larger
than the inner and spinous ; those in male much more elongated, with both
rami knife-shaped and, as a rule, quite naked. Lobes of telson very short
and rounded.

Reiuar/tx. This genus, established by Boeck, is chiefly distinguished
by the palp of the 1st pair of maxillae being distinctly biarticulate, and by
the narrow linear form of the basal joint of the antepenultimate pair of
pereiopoda, The plumose character of most of the setae clothing the antennae
and legs, as also the distal edge of the coxal plates, affords another easily
recognizable characteristic. Finally, the sexual differences are quite peculiar.
The genus is abundantly represented in the northern seas, comprising, as it does,
no less than 10 species, to be described in the sequel. Of exotic species only
a single form has been described by the Rev. Mr. Stebbing from the Challen-
ger Expedition, viz., H. oltusifrons, and another species, H. excnr<if, is recorded
by Dr. Chevreux from the bay of (rascogne (Expedition of Hirondelle).

4. Harpinia plumosa, (Kroyer).

(PI. 52).

Phnxus plumoms, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 1 R. Bd. IV, p. 152.
Syn : Phoxus fusiformis ; Stimpson.

Body moderately compressed and quite glabrous above, with evenly
vaulted back. Cephabm somewhat exceeding in length the 3 anterior seg-
ments of mesosome combined, hood but slightly projecting beyond the peduncle

152

of the superior antennae, terminal edge narrowly rounded at the tip; post-
antennal corner nearly right-angled. First pair of coxal plates gradually
widening below, distal edge obtusely truncated, with about 7 strong plumose
setae; each of the 2 succeeding pairs with from 5 to G similar setae; 4th pair
more than twice as broad as the preceding pair, and bearing on the distal edge
a series of about 10 setse ; 5th pair reaching to about the middle of the posterior
expansion of the preceding pair, inferior corner bearing 4 curved setae. Last
pair of epimeral plates of metasome drawn out to a very long and sharp
spiniform projection. Superior antennae nearly as long as the cephalon, 1st
joint of the peduncle very large, considerably longer than the other 2 com-
bined, and bearing at the inferior corner 3 large auditory bristles; flagellum
but slightly exceeding half the length of the peduncle, and composed of G
articulations ; accessory appendage somewhat shorter and 5-articulate. Inferior
antennae with the penultimate joint of the peduncle heart-shaped and bearing
posteriorly 7 strong plumose setae and 5 curved spines, flagellum about the
length of the 2 outer joints of the peduncle and 5-articulate. (Inathopoda
nearly equal-sized, hands in both pairs oval, with the palmar edge shorter
than the hind margin. Penultimate pair of pereiopoda rather strong, scarcely
exceeding half the length of the body; last pair with the basal joint rather
large, posterior expansion reaching to the end of the meral joint, edge exhi-
biting a few, about 5, indistinct serrations, the 2 lower separated by a distinct
excavation. Last pair of uropoda very short, only slightly reaching beyond
the preceding pair, inner ramus longer than the basal joint of the outer,
mucroniform and quite naked; outer ramus with 3 spines exteriorly, terminal
joint spiniform, and exceeding half the length of the basal one. Lobes of
telson obtusely rounded at the tip. Length of adult female 7 mm.

Remarks. - Through the kindness of Dr. Hansen, I have had an
opportunity of examining the type specimens of Kroyers Plioxus plumosiif< from
Greenland, and find them exactly agreeing with the form here described, some
specimens of which are preserved in our University Museum, and were examined
by Boeck. There cannot therefore be any doubt that this is the true Kroyerian
species. The form described by Stimpson as Plwxus fusiform is is most probably
the same species. It is the type of the genus.

Occurrence. I have not myself met with this species off the coast
of Norway, and as tbe locality of the above mentioned specimens in our
University Museum, is not stated, it would seem to be questionable, whether
this species at all can be referred to the fauna of Norway. The form generally
recorded by other authors as H. plumosa is evidently not that species, but the
following one, and Boeck himself most probably confounded both, though he

153

was aware of some differences in the specimens examined by him, speaking,
as he does, of a southern variety.

Distribution. - Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Spitsbergen, Nova Si-mla,
the Kara Sea, the Siberian Polar Sea; east coast of North America.

5. Harpinia neglecta. (I. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 53, fig. ]).

Syn: Phoxus plnmosus, Sp. Bate and most other authors (but not Kriiyer).
Harpinia antennaria, Meinert (male).

In general appearance very like the preceding species, but of somewhat
smaller size. Hood of cephalon more produced and reaching considerably
beyond the peduncle of the superior antennae, postantennal corner drawn out
to an anteriorly-pointing lanceolate lappet. Metasome denseh' hairy above,
last pair of epimeral plates produced to a spiniform process, which however
is somewhat shorter than in the preceding species. Coxal plates and antennae
almost exactly as in that species. Hands of the gnathopoda obliquely oval,
palmar edge longer than the hind margin. Penultimate pair of pereiopoda
rather elongated, exceeding half the length of the body; last pair smaller than
in H. plumosa, basal joint obliquely heart-shaped with the posterior expansion
not reaching to the end of the meral joint, edge regularly serrated, serrations
about 9 in number, and rather small, though well denned, and having between
them short hairs. Last pair of uropoda considerably more slender than in
H. plumosa, inner ramus shorter than the basal joint of the outer, and bearing
a single apical bristle, outer ramus with 4 spines exteriorly, terminal joint
very small, considerably less than half the length of the basal one, and tipped
by a slender spine. Lobes of telson a little more elongated than in the pre-
ceding species and narrowly rounded at the tip. Adult male more slender
than the female, and having the metasome rather powerful and glabrous above.
Last pair of epimeral plates with the spiniform process shorter than in female.
Antenna- exhibiting the sexual characteristics very distinctly. Oral parts
imperfectly developed. Gnathopoda more feeble than in female, hand of the an-
terior ones showing no trace of the thumb-like projection, nor of any palmar
spine. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint more regularly oval, mar-
ginal serrations nearly obsolete. Last pair of uropoda with both rami very
narrow and nearly equal-sized. Colour greyish white. Length of adult fe-
male 5mm, of male somewhat less.

Bemarks. Although very like the preceding species in its outward
appearance, this form may, on. closer examination, be readily distinguished by
several well-marked characteristics ; thus by the comparatively more projected

20 Crustacea.

154

hood of the cephalon, and by the peculiar lanceolate lappet to which the post-
antennal corners are drawn out ; furthermore, by the densely hairy metasome,
the more oblique form of the hands of the gnathopoda, the greater length of
the penultimate pair of pereiopoda, and by the form and armature of the
basal joint of the last pair; finally, by the rather different structure of the
last pair of uropoda, The Plioxus plumosus of Sp. Bate is undoubtedly this
species, as also that recorded under the name Harpinia pliimosa by most sub-
sequent authors. The form described by Meinert as Harpinia antennaria seems
to be the adult male of this species. His specific name cannot, however, be
retained, as it is based only on a sexual characteristic.

Occurrence. - - Of all the species of Harpinia this is by far the com-
monest. I have met with it in numerous localities along the whole coast of
Norway, from the Christianiafjord to Vadso, in depths varying from 30 to
150 fathoms, muddy bottom.

Distribution. British Isles, Shetland Isles, Bohuslan, Kattegat, coast
of France.

6. Harpinia pectinata, G-. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 53, fig. 2).

Body comparatively more slender and compressed than in the 2 prece-
ding species, and quite glabrous above. Cephalon about the length of the 4
anterior segments of mesosome combined, hood considerably projecting beyond
the peduncle of the superior antennae, postantennal corner not produced. The
3 anterior pairs of coxal plates exhibiting, each at the infero-posteal corner, a
small but distinct dentiform projection, setae "of the distal edge fewer in
number than in the preceding species. Last pair of epimeral plates of meta-
some produced to a rather short spiniform process. Antennae comparatively
slender, otherwise very similar in structure to those in the 2 preceding species.
Hands of the gnathopoda oblong oval, palmar edge about the length of the
hind margin. Penultimate pair of pereiopoda rather slender, and about half
the length of the bod}'-; last pair with the basal joint obliquely expanded so
as to project beyond the meral joint, posterior edge divided into 5 G verv
coarse serrations pointing downwards. Last pair of uropoda comparatively
small, and somewhat resembling in structure those in H. pluwosa, except that
the outer ramus has a smaller number of spines. Lobes of telson very small,
obtusely rounded at the tip. Adult male very like that of H. neglecta, but
considerably smaller. Colour greyish white, pellucid. Length of adult female
scarcely exceeding 4 mm.

Remarks. - - Also this form exhibits in its outward appearance so close
a resemblance to the 2 preceding species, that it may easily, without a closer

155

examination, be 'confounded with them. It is, however, undoubtedly a distinct
species, chiefly characterised by the dentiform projection of the 3 anterior
pairs of coxal plates, and by the form and armature of the basal joint of
the last pair of pereiopoda. I have formerly confounded this species with
H. serrata to be next described.

Occurrence. - Off the south and west coast of Norway, this species is
by no means rare, occurring, as a rule, in company with H. neyleda. It extends
northwards to Tromso, Finmark, where it has been collected rather sparingly
by Mr. Schneider.

Distribution. Coast of Bohuslan (Stockholm Museum).

7. Harpinia serrata, G. 0. Sars.

(PL 54, fig. 1).
Harpinia serrata, G. O. Sars, Crust. & Pycnogonida nova etc. No. 21.

Body unusually robust and rather tumid, with broadly vaulted back.
Cephalon but slightly exceeding in length the 3 anterior segments of meso-
some combined, hood rather convex above, with blunted tip. Coxal plates
large and broad, without any dentiform projection, but with a much greater
number of marginal setae than in most other species; 1st pair considerably
widening distally ; 5th pair with the posterior lobe very deep, reaching nearly
as far down as the preceding pairs. Metasome densely hairy above, last pair
of epimeral plates produced to a slightly upturned spiniform projection.
Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle very large and thick,
nearly twice the length of the other 2 combined, flagellum comparatively
short and 5-articnlate, accessory appendage 4-articulate. Inferior antennae
likewise rather strong and of the usual structure, flagellum short and 5-arti-
culate. Grnathopoda rather powerful, hand oval, with the palmar edge about
as long as the hind margin. Penultimate pair of pereiopoda very slender
and considerably exceeding half the length of the body; last pair with the
basal joint obliquely oval, posterior expansion reaching beyond the meral
joint, edge divided into 5 very large and regular, posteriorly-pointing serra-
tions. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus scarcely more than half
as long as the outer, and bearing 2 unequal setae at the tip, outer ramus
rather slender, with 4 spines exteriorly, terminal joint extremely small, but
tipped by 2 rather elongated and slender setae. Lobes of telson obtusely
truncated at the tip. Colour greyish white. Length of adult female fi mm.

Remarks. - The present form may be easily distinguished from any
of the other species by its unusually short and pulpy body, and by the
very coarse and regular serrations of the basal joint of the last pair of f

156

pereiopoda. In the latter respect, it has some resemblance to H. pectinata,
but is otherwise rather different.

Occurrence. - The occurrence of this species off the coast of Norway
is somewhat questionable, since the earlier statement of the author, of its
being observed in the Varangerfjord, was most probably based on a confu-
sion of this species with H. pectinata.

Distribution. - - Jan Mayen (Norw. North Atlantic Exped.).

8. Harpinia propinqva, Gr. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 54, fig. 2).

Body more slender than in the last species. Cephalon nearly as long-
as the 4 anterior segments of mesosome combined, hood evenly vaulted and
projecting considerably beyond the peduncle of the superior antennae. Coxal
plates comparatively smaller than in H. serrata, with a far smaller number of
marginal seta? ; 1st pair moderately expanded distally ; 5th pair with the
posterior lobe less deep. Metasome somewhat stronger than in H. serrata and
finely hairy above; last pair of epimeral plates produced to a very short
dentiform projection. Antenna? somewhat more slender than in the said spe-
cies. Grnathopoda likewise less robust,, hands oblong oval, with the palmar
edge very oblique, though scarcely longer than the hind margin. Penultimate
pair of pereiopoda rather slender, about half the length of the body; last
pair with the basal joint obliquely heart-shaped, posterior expansion scarcely
reaching to the end of the meral joint, and only very obscurely serrated.
Last pair of uropoda short, inner ramus about the length of the basal joint
of the outer, and simple mucroniform, outer ramus with 3 spines exteriorly,
terminal joint exceeding half the length of the basal one, and spiniform.
Lobes of telson rather short and rounded at the tip. Length of adult female
scarcely reaching 5mm.

Remarks. - This species would seem to be most nearly related to H.
neglecta, from which it, however, may at once be distinguished by the much
smaller projection of the last pair of epimeral plates of the metasome, as
also by the indistinct serration of the basal joint of the last pair of pereio-
poda. In the structure of the uropoda it more resembles H. plumosa.

Occurrence. A few specimens of this form were collected during the
Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, in company with H. serrata, off Jan
Mayen, but were, at that time, overlooked. Off the coast of Norway, it has
not yet been observed, and it is only here described, in order to show its
relationship to the other species.

157
9. Harpinia mucronata, G. 0. Sars.

(PL 54, fig. 3).
Harpinia mucronata, G. 0. Sars, Crustacea & Pycnogonida nova etc. No. 22.

Body rather compressed and <]uite glabrous above. Cephalon about
the length of the 4 anterior segments of mesosome combined, hood but slightly
convex above, and projecting considerably beyond the peduncle of the superior
antennae. The 3 anterior pairs of coxal plates each with a small dentiform
projection at the infero-posteal corner, marginal setae few in number; 1st pair
rather expanded distally; 5th pair somewhat smaller than in the 2 preceding
species. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome drawn out to a long,
slightly upturned, spiniform projection. Antennae rather slender, with the
flagella more elongated than in the said species; accessory appendage of the
superior ones but little shorter than the Hagellum. Gnathopoda of moderate
size, hands oblong oval, with the palmar edge slightly exceeding in length
the hind margin. Penultimate pair of pereiopoda not very slender and scarcely
exceeding half the length of the body; last pair very small, basal joint
less expanded than usual, but drawn out at the infero-posteal corner to a
posteriorly-pointing acute spur-like projection, defined above by a small excava-
tion and having below a few slight serrations. Last pair of uropoda somewhat
larger than in H. propinqva but otherwise of much the same structure. Lobes
of telson obtusely truncated at the tip. Colour greyish white. Length of
adult female slightly exceeding 5 mm.

Eemarks. The present species is at once recognized by the peculiar
form of the basal joint of the last pair of pereiopoda, a characteristic which
gave rise to the specific name proposed by the author.

Occurrence. - Some specimens of this form were procured during the
Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, on 2 different Stations, both lying
immediately outside the coast of Finmark, depth from 148 to 620 fathoms.
Another specimen, exactly agreeing with the former, and preserved in the
Stockholm Museum, was taken by von Yhlen on the great fishing banks in the
North Sea. The species may thus properly be referred to the fauna of Norway.

Distribution. Greenland (Hansen).

10. Harpinia truncata, G. 0. Sars, n.sp.

(I>1. 55, fig. 1).

Body rather robust, with broadly vaulted back. Cephalon considerably
shorter than the 4 anterior segments of mesosome combined, hood very slightly
convex above and projecting beyond the peduncle of the superior antennae.
The 3 anterior pairs of coxal plates without any dentiform projection

158

marginal setae few in number; 1st pair gradually widening distally; 5th
pair witli the posterior lobe rather deep. Metasome densely hairy above,
last pair of epimeral plates rounded at the lateral corners. Superior antennae
with only 2 large penicillate auditory setae at the end of the basal joint,
flagellum of moderate length and composed of 7 articulations, accessory appen-
dage a little shorter and 6-articulate. Inferior antennae of the usual structure.
Gnathopoda somewhat unequal in size, the posterior ones being considerably
more powerful than the anterior, hand in the former oblong oval, in the latter
triangular oval, palmar edge longer than the hind margin, especially in the
posterior pair, thumb-like process rather coarse. Penultimate pair of pereio-
poda exceeding half the length of the body, propodal joint much elongated
and provided on the upper edge with 4 recurved ciliated setae, dactylus very
slender, setiform; last pair with the basal joint rather broad, posterior expan-
sion transversely truncated below and exhibiting only a few indistinct serra-
tions. Last pair of uropoda comparatively slender, inner ramus a little shorter
than the basal joint of the outer, and bearing a single slender apical seta,
outer ramus with 5 spines exteriorly, terminal joint very small and tipped
by a slender seta. Lobes of telson rather narrow and somewhat diverging
in their outer part, tip rounded. Colour greyish white. Length of adult
female 6 mm.

Remarks. This species is most nearly related to H. crenulata Boeck,
to be next described, but may lie easily distinguished, not only by its much
larger size, but also by the rather different shape and armature of the basal
joint of the last pair of pereiopoda.

Occurrence. Last summer, I found 2 specimens of this pretty species
in the Trondhjemsfjord at Vennaes in a depth of 100 to 150 fathoms. Two
other specimens, exactly agreeing with the former, were contained in a collec-
tion of Amphipoda kindly sent to me for examination, from Prof. Loven.

Distribution. Coast of Bohuslan (Stockholm Museum).

11. Harpinia crenulata, Boeck.

(PI. 55, fig. 2).
Harpinia crenulata, Boeck, Crust, arnphip. bor. & artica, p. 56.

Body rather short and stout. Cephalon equalling in length the 3
anterior segments of mesosome combined, hood evenly vaulted and projecting
beyond the peduncle of the superior antennae. Coxal plates about as in
H. truncata, but with a smaller number of marginal setae. Metasome densely
hairy above; last pair of epimeral plates strongly rounded at the lateral
corners, and exhibiting below the middle of the posterior edge, a small sinus

159

defined inferiorly by a sharp upturned denticle, below which sometimes occur
2 or 3 minute serrations. Antennae about as in H. trim c fa, but with a smaller
number of articulations in the flagella. (xiiathopoda likewise of a very simi-
lar structure, the posterior ones being considerably more powerful than the
anterior, with the thumb-like process rather strong. Penultimate pair of
pereiopoda extremely slender and elongated, equalling in length 3 A of the
body; basal joint of last pair with the posterior expansion obliquely deflexed
and rounded, edge bearing long slender setae and having between them about
12 serrations, the inferior of which are more or less distinctly bipartite. Last
pair of uropoda with the inner ramus scarcely exceeding half the length of
the basal joint of the outer; the latter with only 3 spines exteriorly; each
ramus tipped by a single slender seta. Lobes of telson less diverging than in
H. fmncata and narrowly rounded at the tip. - Adult male rather like in
outer habitus that of H. neglecta and pectinata, but differing in the fuller
development of the oral parts, the structure of the gnathopoda, which nearly
agrees with that in the female, by the not-produced last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome, and by the outer ramus of the last pair of uropoda being
considerably longer than the inner. Colour greyish white, pellucid. Length
of adult female scarcely exceeding 4 mm, of male about the same.

Hem-arks. - The description at first given by Boeck of this species, does
not fully correspond with his figures, and it is most probable therefore, that he
has confounded it with another species, perhaps the form described above as
H. pectinata. As however the figures subsequently given in his great work on
the northern Amphipoda undoubtedly relate to the present species, the specific
name crenulata at first proposed ought to be retained for this form. The
species may be readily distinguished by the great length of the penultimate
pair of pereiopoda, the peculiar shape and armature of the basal joint
of the last pair, and by the form of the last pair of epimeral plates of the
metasome.

Occurrence. - - Off the south and west coast of Norway, this species
is by no means rare, occurring, together with H. neylecta and pecthtata, in
depths varying from 30 to 100 fathoms. I have also collected it rather
abundantly in the Trondhjemsfjord, and Mr. Schneider has found a single
specimen in the neighbourhood of Troinso, Finmark.

Distribution. Kattegat (Meinert); coast of Bohuslan (Stockholm
Museum).

160
12. Harpinia abyssi, (i. 0. Sars.

(PI. 56, fig. 1),

Harpinia abyssi, G. O. Sars, Crustacea & Pycnog. nov. etc. No. 19.
Syn: Harpinia carinata, G. O. Sars (male).

Body of female rather robust with broadly vaulted back. Cephalon
scarcely exceeding in length the 3 anterior segments of mesosome combined,
hood evenly convex above and projecting but little beyond the peduncle of
the superior antennae. Coxal plates rather broad, with a great number of
marginal setae ; 1st pair considerably expanded distally ; 5th pair with the
posterior lobe rather deep and nearly transversely truncated at the tip.
Metasome provided dorsally with extremely small hairs, only visible by a
strong magnifier ; last pair of epimeral plates obtusely rounded at the lateral
corners, inferior edge setous. First segment of urosome with a hump-like
projection dorsally. Superior antennae with the 1st joint of the peduncle
very large, fully twice as long as the other 2 combined, and provided at the
end inferiorly with a group of 6 penicillate auditory bristles; flagellum com-
paratively short, scarcely exceeding half the length of the peduncle, and ((in-
posed of 7 articulations ; accessory appendage somewhat shorter, and (3-articu-
late. Inferior antennae scarcely as long as the superior, flagellum (3-articulate.
Penultimate joint in both pairs of antennae densely beset posteriorly with
strong plumose setae. (Tuathopoda of moderate size, not very unequal, hand
in both oblong oval with the palmar edge very oblique and considerably longer
than the hind margin, thumb-like projection nearly obsolete. Penultimate
pair of pereiopoda exceeding half the length of the body, propodal joint long
and slender; last pair very small, basal joint forming at the end anteriorly
a densely setous expansion, posterior edge rounded and provided, in the lower
part, with a number of very small crenulations. Last pair of uropoda not
very large, both rami tipped by a single seta, the inner much shorter than
the basal joint of the outer, the latter witli 6 spines exteriorly, its terminal
joint extremely small. Lobes of telson very short, rounded at the tip.
Adult male much more slender and compressed than the female, metasome and
urosome carinated dorsally, the carina forming on the 1st and 3rd segments
of urosome a rounded projecting lobe. Peduncle of both pairs of antennae
with dense brushes of sensory hairs, basal joint of the flagellum of the su-
perior ones, as usual, rather expanded and likewise densely hairy. Grnathopoda
somewhat more slender than in female, but otherwise of rather similar structure.
Basal joint of last pair of pereiopoda more evenly rounded, with the anterior
expansion obsolete, and the posterior edge nearly smooth. Last pair of uro-
poda with the rami somewhat expanded, the outer slightly longer than the
inner and provided on the outer edge with a series of G small hairs, terminal

161

joint very small and unarmed. Colour greyish white, changing to a rusty
yellow. Length of adult female 12 mm, of male about the same.

Remarks. This is by far the largest of the known species of the
genus, and moreover easily distinguishable by the peculiar form of the basal joint
of the last pair of pereiopoda. As with other species, the sexual differences
are very striking, both as to the outer appearance, and in the structure of some
of the limbs, and I was thereby formerly misled to regard the male as
belonging to a distinct species. I have however now convinced mvself that
H. carinata is nothing but the adult male of H. abyssi.

Occurrence. Numerous specimens of this pretty species were collected
during the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition in many different Stations,
some of which lie close outside the Norwegian coast, for which reason it
may perhaps be properly referred to the fauna of Norway. It was however
always met with only in considerable depths, varying from 350 to 1215
fathoms.

Distribution. - Outside the great fishing banks from the 63rd to the
75th degree of latitude, and extending westwards to the sea between Iceland
and Jan Mayen.

13. Harpinia laevis, <!. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 56, fig. 2).

Body rather stout, and quite glabrous throughout the whole dorsal
face. Cephalon equalling in length the 4 anterior segments of mesosome
combined, hood very slightly convex above, and considerably projecting in
front. Anterior pairs of coxal plates rather large, each with only 3 marginal
setae. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome narrowly rounded at the
lateral corners, inferior edge quite smooth. First segment of urosome not
produced dorsally. Antenna? unusually slender, basal joint of the superior
ones less dilated than in most other species, and having only 2 penicillate
auditory bristles at the end interiorly; penultimate joint of the peduncle in
both pairs only provided with 4 plumose setae, nagella rather slender, thai
of the superior composed of 6 articulations, nagellum of the inferior ones, as
also the accessory appendage of the superior, 5-articulate. Grnathopoda of
moderate size, the posterior ones somewhat more powerful than the anterior,
hand in both pairs oblong oval, with the palmar edge rather oblique, though
scarcely exceeding in length the hind margin, thumb-like projection well
developed. Penultimate pair of pereiopoda shorter than in most uth.-r species
and considerably less than half the length of the body; basal joint of last
pair rather large, posterior expansion obliquely rounded, so as to reach beyond

21 Crustacea,

162

the raeral joint, edge with only a few slight and rounded crenulations. Last
pair of nropoda with the inner ramus simple mucroniform, and longer than
the basal joint of the outer, the latter with only a single spine exteriorly,
terminal joint very narrow, considerably exceeding half the length of the
basal one, and tipped by a slender spine. Lobes of telson scarcely diverging,
tip narrowly rounded. Colour greyish white, pellucid. Length of adult
female 4 mm.

Remarks, The nearest ally of this species seems to be H. cremtlato
Boeck, from which however it may be easily distinguished by its perfectly smooth
and glabrous body, the slender antennae, the far inferior length of the penul-
timate pair of pereiopoda, and finally by the form and armature of the basal
joint of the last pair.

Occurrence. I have met with this form in 2 different localities oft
the coast of Norway, viz., in the Hardangerfjord and in the Trondhjemsfjord.
In both localities it occurred rather sparingly in a depth of 50 to 100 fathoms,
muddy bottom.

Fam. 5. Ampeliscidae.

Body compressed, glabrous, more or less strongly curved. Cephalon
without any rostral projection, frontal part narrowly truncated. Anterior
pairs of coxal plates of moderate size and setous on the distal edge; 1st pair
more or less expanded distally ; 4th pair the largest and emarginated posteriorly
in its upper part, the emargination being bounded beneath by a projecting
angle; the 3 posterior pairs comparatively small. Metasome powerfully
developed, with large epimeral plates. Urosome short and stout with the 2
outer segments coalesced. Eyes, when present, simple, exhibiting, as a rule,
on each side near the front, 2 widely distant corneal lenses, each having
inside an irregular patch of pigment. Antennae very slender and setous, the
superior ones, originating from the tip of the cephalon, generally shorter than
the inferior, and without any accessory appendage, the inferior ones affixed
by a short and thick basal part to the lower side of the cephalon at some
distance from the superior. Antennae in male still more elongated and slender,
with rows of short fascicles of sensitive hairs clothing the opposite edges of
the peduncles, iiagella extremely slender, filiform and nearly naked. Anterior
lip short and thick, helmet-shaped; posterior lip quadrilobate, the outer lobes
the larger. Mandibles rather strong, with the masticatory part well-developed,
cutting edge on each mandible composed of 2 superposed dentated lamellae,

163

molar expansion large and protruding; between both a dense series of curved
spines ; palp slender, setous. Maxillae well-developed, and of normal structure.
Maxillipeds having the basal part fringed with long ciliated setae, masticatory
lobe large, and armed on the inner edge with strong laminar spines, palp not
very large, densely setous, with the penultimate joint short and thick, ter-
minal joint unguiform. G-nathopoda comparatively feeble in structure and
imperfectly subcheliform, the posterior ones, as a rule, more slender than the
anterior. The 2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda somewhat unequal in size, meral
joint very large and fringed with ciliated seta? more numerous on the 2nd
pair, dactylus long and slender. The 2 succeeding pairs recurvate, basal joint
large and muscular, carpal joint elongated, and forming at the end posteriorly
a projecting corner, dactylus very small, and turned posteriorly. Last pair
of ,'pereiopoda very unlike the preceding ones and much shorter, basal joint
more or less expanded and forming posteriorly a deflexed lobe fringed with
ciliated seta?. Branchial lamella? transversely plicated; incubatory lamellae
very narrow. Pleopoda well-developed. The 2 anterior pairs of uropoda nor-
mal; last pair with both rami uniarticulate, and more or less foliaceous, in
male fringed with ciliated seta?. Telson more or less deeply cleft.

Remarks. This family has been removed by Boeck far from the
preceding ones, and was placed by him immediately in front of the Photidtr.
In doing so he was probably induced by the fact, that some of the forms
belonging to the present family are found to construct themselves tubes for
dwelling in, as is the case with several of the more sedentary forms, which
have been comprised within the division Domicola of Sp. Bate. As, however,
the divisions Vagantia and Domicola of the latter author, are now generally
rejected by modern authors, since there are many forms among the latter
division which do not at all construct tubes, it will be best wholly to abandon
this feature as a systematical criterion, and to tix our attention chiefly on the
structural affinities. In doing so, we shall certainly find that the family in
question more properly keeps the place to which it was originally assigned by
Sp. Bate, viz., immediately after the Pontoporciidce and Pln>.iid'. In fact, tin-
above described genus Argissa, referred by Boeck, without any hesitation, to
the Pontoporeiidce, forms a most obvious connecting link between that family
and the one here spoken of. Setting aside the latter genus, all the forms com-
prised in the present family exhibit a very characteristic and easily recogniz-
able appearance, by their smooth, more or less curved body, the peculiarly
constructed visual organs, the slender setous antenna', and the characteristic
structure of the pereiopoda. The family comprises, as yet, but 8 genera, all of
which are represented in the fauna of Norway.

164

Gen. 1. Ampelisca, Kroyer, 1842.
Syn: Araneops, Costa.
Pseudophthalinus, Sthnpson.
Tetromatus, Sp. Bate.

Body moderately slender and highly compressed, with smooth and
shining surface. Cephalon with the frontal part more or less produced, post-
antennal corners obsolete. Anterior pairs of coxal plates rather deep and
arranged in such a manner, that the posterior edge of each overlaps the an-
terior edge of the succeeding one; 1st pair scarcely deeper than the others,
but more or less expanded distally, and generally (but not always) quite
concealing the basal part of the inferior antennae, as also the oral parts ;
4th pair obliquely truncated below the posterior angle. Eyes, when present,
2 on either side, each generally exhibiting a well-marked circular corneal
lens. Antennae very slender, their mutual length different in the different
species. Mandibles with the body very short, palp of moderate length, and
having the 2nd joint laminarly dilated, the last very narrow and linear. First
pair of maxillae with the masticatory lobe transversely truncated and armed
with strong spines, basal lobe comparatively small, and without distinct
marginal setae, palp well-developed, with the terminal joint gradually expanded
distally, and armed at the tip with several strong teeth. Second pair of
maxillae with the outer lobe larger than the inner, both densely setous at the
tip. Maxillipeds with the basal lobe oval, obliquely rounded at the tip,
masticatory lobe oblong, and reaching about to the end of the antepenultimate
joint of the palp, penultimate joint of the latter nearly club-shaped and
scarcely half as long as the antepenultimate one. Anterior gnathopoda, as a
rule, shorter and stouter than the posterior ones, with the propodos more or
less dilated in the middle, that of the posterior pair generally very narrow
and attenuated distally. The 2 anterior pairs of pereiopoda with the carpal
joint extremely short, dactylus long and narrow. The 2 succeeding pairs with
the basal joint very broad, its anterior edge strongly curved in the middle,
carpal joint, with a single series of small denticles on the outer side, somewhat
within the posterior edge. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint
obliquely expanded, posterior lobe short and broad, with a dense series of
ciliated setae on the terminal edge; proposal joint more or less foliaceous,
dactylus lanceolate. Last pair of uropoda rather large, reaching considerably
beyond the preceding pairs, rami more or less foliaceous, the inner broader
than the outer. Telson oblong and cleft nearly to the base, the incision very
narrow, fissure-like.

Remark*. The present genus was established by Kroyer as early
as 1842, and the name, proposed by that author, has therefore evidently the

165

precedence of those given by Costa, Stimpson and Sp. Bate. The species
upon which the "genus was originally founded, is that described below as
A. Escliriclitii. Subsequently, the same author described another species as
A. Gaimardii, but that species was justly separated by Boeck, as the type
of a distinct genus, ]3yUi*. In their general habitus the species of the pre-
sent genus exhibit a very uniform appearance, and can, therefore, only by
a closer examination, lie distinguished from each other. The most easily
recognizable distinguishing marks are afforded by the form of the cephahm
and that of the last pair of epimeral plates of metasome, furthermore by the
shape of the dorsal carina of the first segment of urosome, the mutual longi-
tudinal relation of the antennae, and finally by the structure of the last pair
of pereiopoda. The sexual differences are often very pronounced, and make the
specific distinction still more difficult, We are acquainted with numerous
species of this genus, derived from different tracts of the Oceans, but in the
Northern Seas, the genus would seem to be especially abundantly represented.
Most of the species are true deep-water forms, and some of them descend to
the greatest depths explored. Off the coast of Norway, occur no less than
13 species, to be described in the sequel.

1. Ampelisca typica, Sp. Bate.

(PL 57).

letromatus typicus, Sp. Bate, Brit. Assoo. Report 1855, p. 58.
Syu : Ampelisea carinata, Bruzelius ?

Ampelisca (laimardii, Sp Bate (not Kroyer).

Cephalon about the length of the 3 anterior segments of mesosome
combined, gradually tapering distally, and having the tip nearly transversely
truncated. Anterior pairs of coxal plates about twice as deep as the corre-
sponding segments; 1st pair but little expanded distally; 4th pair more deep
than broad, lower edge nearly transversely truncated, and shorter than the
hind margin below the posterior angle. Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome right-angled, lateral corners not produced. First segment of uro-
some deeply impressed at the base dorsally, especially in the male, and exhi-
biting, behind the depression, a rather high carina, terminating in a projecting
angle, Corneal lenses distinct, the inferior pair placed close to the lower edge
of the cephalon at a short distance from the inferior corners of the front,
underlying pigment well defined, red with a chalky-white coating. Superior
antennae in female very small, scarcely longer than the cephalon and the 1st
segment of mesosome combined, and much shorter than the peduncle of the
inferior ones, 1st joint of the peduncle short and thick, 2nd very slender,

166

nearly 3 times as long as the 3rd, flagellum a little longer than the peduncle
and composed of about 7 articulations ; those in male considerably longer, and
reaching beyond the peduncle of the inferior ones. The latter in female not
very elongated, scarcely exceeding half the length of the body, the 2 last
joints of the peduncle nearly equal-sized; those of male about the length of
the body. Anterior gnathopoda not very strong, propodos a little shorter
than the carpus, and oblong oval in form ; posterior ones very slender, with
the propodos sublinear and not attaining half the length of the carpus.
Dactylus of the anterior pairs of pereiopoda extremely slender, exceeding in
length the 2 preceding joints combined. Last pair of pereiopoda with the
basal joint longer than the remaining part of the leg. posterior expansion
obliquely truncated at the tip, and reaching beyond the ischial joint, the lat-
ter rather stout, with a transverse series of spinules at the end anteriorly,
meral joint very small, and strongly constricted at the base, propodal joint
scarcely longer than the 2 preceding joints combined, dactylus of about same
length as the propodos. Last pair of uropoda with the rami about twice as
long as the basal part, in female only fringed with short simple bristles, in
male provided on their opposite edges with finely ciliated setae. Telson about
twice as long as broad, tip blunted, each of the terminal lobes having a row
of dorsal denticles, and besides, in female, about 5 marginal spinules in their
outer half. Body whitish, pellucid, with orange-coloured intestine shining
through the integuments, the latter mottled with light yellowish and a few
reddish patches; ova in the marsupial pouch rose-coloured. Length of adult
female 10 mm, of male about the same.

Remark*. There cannot, I believe, be any doubt, that the above
described species is that originally characterised by Sp. Bate as Tcfroinafn^-
fi/2>icus, and subsequently, by the same author, erroneously identified with
Ampelixca Gaimardii of Kroyer. The specimen figured by Sp. Bate, is un-
questionably a male, and some of the characteristics assigned to this species are
therefore merely of sexual nature. Whether the form named by Bruzelius as
A. carinata is the male of this or the succeeding species, would seem to be
somewhat questionable. Indeed, Boeck seems, under the name A. typica, to
have confounded male specimens of both species. The form under question
may be easily known from its nearest ally, A. triniitonii*, by the compara-
tively short inferior antennae in the female, and by the form of the dorsal
carina of the 1st segment of urosome, as also by the nearly transversely
truncated frontal part of the cephalon.

Occurrence. - Though nowhere in any great abundance, I have met
with this species in several localities, both off the south and west coast of

167

Norway, up to the Trondhjemsfjord, in depths varying from 20 to 00
fathoms.

Distrilnitiou. British Isles, Kattegat, Bohuslan (Stockholm Museum).

2. Ampelisca tenuicornis, Lilljeborg.

(PI. 58, fig. 1).

Ampelisca tenuicornis, Lilljeborg, Ofverg. af Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1855, p. 123.
Syn: Ampelisca la?vigata, Sp. Bate (not Lilljeborg).

Cephalon slightly exceeding the length of the 3 anterior segments of
mesosome combined, frontal part strongly curved anteriorly and obliquely
truncated at the tip. First pair of coxal plates rather expanded in their
outer part, with the anterior edge strongly curved; 4th pair scarcely more
deep than broad, lower edge oblique, and longer than the hind margin. Last
pair of epimeral plates of metasome rectangular, lateral corners in female
sharpened, in male more obtuse. First segment of urosome in female but
slightly impressed at the base dorsally, and having behind the depression only
a very low and scarcely projecting keel; that of male with a deep transverse
depression, behind which is a distinct though rounded carina. Corneal lenses
about as in the preceding species, underlying pigment of somewhat irregular
form, and bright red. Superior antenna? in female about the length of the
cephalon and the first 2 segments of mesosome combined, and reaching a little
beyond the middle of the last peduncular joint of the inferior ones, 2nd joint
of the peduncle about twice the length of the last one, flagellum nearly twice
as long as the peduncle, and composed of about 11 articulations. Inferior
antennae very elongated and slender, nearly attaining the length of the body,
flagellum clothed posteriorly with fascicles of slender bristles. Antennae in
male about as in the preceding species. Anterior gnathopoda somewhat
stronger than in that species, propodos having the inferior edge considerably
bulging out above the middle. Posterior gnathopoda slender, with the pro-
podos sublinear, and exceeding half the length of the carpus. Dactylus of
the anterior pairs of pereiopoda about equalling in length the 2 preceding
joints combined. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint scarcely longer
than the remaining part of the leg, posterior expansion nearly transversely
truncated at the tip, and not reaching beyond the ischial joint, the latter
about as in the preceding species, propodal joint, on the other hand, con-
siderably larger, exceeding the length of the 2 preceding joints combined,
dactylus comparatively short, Last pair of uropoda with the rami scarcely
twice as long as the basal part and having in female a smaller number of
marginal bristles than in A. f>/j>i<-it. Telson comparatively narrower than in

168

that species and slightly constricted near the base, terminal lobes without
any dorsal denticles, but each with 3 small marginal spinules near the tip.
Body whitish, pellucid, and having anteriorly on the sides of the 1st pair of
coxal plates a most conspicuous carmine-coloured patch, and a few light yel-
lowish specks. Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 8mm, of male
about the same.

Remarks. Though very nearly allied to the preceding species, this
form may, on closer examination, be readily distinguished by the very slender
and elongated inferior antennae, by the form of the cephalon, and by the very
slight and rounded dorsal carina on the 1st segment of the urosome. The
males of both species are rather similar, though, on closer inspection, easily
distinguishable by the different form of the dorsal carina of the 1st segment of
the urosome. Boeck has erroneously identified this species with the Araneops
diadema of Costa. I have been enabled to examine the latter form, which
was collected by me, many years ago, in the gulf of Naples, and have
convinced myself that it is specifically distinct and more nearly allied to the
following species. On the other hand, Boeck was certainly right in referring
the A. Ifeviyata of Sp. Bate to this species.

Occurrence. - This is by far the commonest of the Norwegian species
of Ampelisca, occurring in great abundance along the whole south and west
coasts of Norway, at least to the Trondhjemsfjord, in depths varying from
30 to 100 fathoms, muddy bottom.

Distribution. British Isles (Sp. Bate), Kattegat (Meinert), Bohuslan
(Bruzelius).

3. Ampelisca assimilis, Boeck.

(PI. 58, fig. 2).
Ampelisca assimilis, Boeck, Crust, ainphip. bor. & aretiea, p. 142.

Cephalon a little exceeding in length the 3 anterior segments of meso-
some combined, gradually tapering distally, frontal part rather produced and
less curved anteriorly than in A. tcnuicornis, tip somewhat obliquely truncated.
First pair of coxal plates but slightly expanded distally ; 4th pair much more
deep than broad, lower edge transversely truncated, and shorter than the hind
margin. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome obtusely rounded at the
lateral corners. First segment of urosome witli a deep saddle-shaped depres-
sion in the middle dorsally, behind which there is a rather high and evenly
rounded carina. Eyes about as in A. tenuicornis. Superior antennse in female
about the length of the cephalon and the 3 anterior segments of mesosome
combined, and reaching a little beyond the peduncle of the inferior ones, 2nd
joint of the peduncle scarcely twice the length of the 3rd, flagellum more

169

than twice as long as the peduncle, and composed of about 15 articulations.
Inferior antennae somewhat shorter than in A. ten-nicornis, the 2 last joints
of the peduncle equal-sized. (Inathopoda nearly exactly as in the last-named
species. Dactylus of the anterior pairs of pereiopoda longer than the 2 pre-
ceding joints combined. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint about
the length of the remaining part of the leg, posterior expansion obliquely
rounded at the tip, and not reaching beyond the ischial joint, the latter about
as in the 2 preceding species, propodal joint oblong oval, and exceeding the
length of the 2 preceding joints combined, dactylus somewhat shorter. Last
pair of uropoda about as in A. tenuicornis. Telson somewhat less elongated,
without any dorsal denticles, but with from 4 to 5 marginal spinules on each
side. Colour not yet stated. Length of adult female 10 mm.

RemarJcs. - - This species is nearly allied to A. fenwcornis, from which
it may, however, be readily distinguished by the somewhat more produced
cephalon, the greater length of the superior antennae, and by the obtusely
rounded last pair of epimeral plates of metasome, finally, by the comparatively
high and evenly rounded dorsal carina, on the 1st segment of urosome.

Occurrence. I have met with this species in a few places off the
south and west coasts of Norway, in company with A. tenuicornis. Boeck
collected it at Haugesund, west coast of Norway, where I also have found it.

Distribution. Bohuslan (Stockholm Museum).

4. Ampelisca laevigata, Lilljeborg.

(PI. 59, fig. 1).

Ampelisca Icevigata, Lilljeborg, Ofvers. af Kgl. Vet, Akad. Forhandl. 1865, p. 123.

Syn : Araneops brevicomis, Costa.

Tetromatus bellianus, Sp. Bate.

Cephalon nearly as long as the 3 anterior segments of mesosome com-
bined, frontal part somewhat curved downwards, and transversely truncated
at the tip, lower corner rather projecting. First pair of coxal plates obliqu.-l \
expanded distally ; 4th pair much more deep than broad, lower edge straight,
and considerably shorter than the hind margin. Last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome produced at the lateral corners to a strong spiniform
projection, posterior edge deeply bi-sinuated, with a rounded projecting
lobe in the middle. First segment of urosome having at the end dorsal ly a
small hump-shaped projection. Corneal lenses small, but distinct, the lower
pair occupying the inferior corners of the front; underlying pigment dark-
brownish. Superior antennee in female extremely small, scarcely longer than
the cephalon, and not reaching beyond the penultimate peduncular joint of the

22 Crustacea.

170

inferior ones, iiagellum not twice as long* as the peduncle, and composed of
about 10 articulations ; those in male somewhat more elongated, though scar-
cely reaching beyond the peduncle of the inferior ones. The latter in female
hardly more than half the length of the body, penultimate joint of the
peduncle much longer than the last one. Anterior gnathopoda not very strong,
propodos oblong oval, and but slightly dilated near the base ; that of the
posterior ones about half the length of the carpus, and less narrow than in
the preceding species. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda witli the meral joint
rather broad, and forming at the end anteriorly a rounded projecting lobe
more distinct on the 1st pair, dactylus very slender, and considerably exceeding
in length the 2 preceding joints combined. Last pair of pereiopoda rather
robust, basal joint shorter than the remaining part of the leg, and having the
posterior expansion nearly transversely truncated at the tip, outer joints
unusually broad, meral one forming posteriorly a deflexed lobe fringed with
numerous ciliated setae, carpal joint triangular, angularly produced anteriorly,
propodal joint very large, fully as long as the 3 preceding joints combined,
and oblong oval in form, dactylus half its length, and narrowly lanceolate.
Last pair of uropoda with both rami rather broad, foliaceous, and fringed on
their opposite edges with ciliated setse. Telson rather large, about twice as
long as it is broad, slightly constricted near the base, the outer part triangularly
tapering, and having on each side a row of small bristles somewhat within
the edge dorsally. Body whitish, pellucid, mottled with scattered stellate pig-
mentary spots of a dark brownish colour, cephalon and the anterior pairs of
legs partly speckled with light-yellow. Length of adult female 12mm, of
male about the same.

Remarks. This is an easily recognizable species, chiefly characterised
by the peculiar form of the cephalon, the deeply Insinuated last pair of epi-
meral plates of metasome, and by the structure of the last pair of pereiopoda.
Also the coloration of the body is rather characteristic. The Araneops Irrri-
cornis Costa, of which I have collected a few specimens in the gulf of Naples,
is unquestionably this species, and not, as believed by Boeck, A. macrocephala.
Likewise, there cannot be any doubt that the Am-pcl'tKca (Tetromatus) Iwlliava
of Sp. Bate is the same species.

Occurrence. - - Off the south and west coast of Norway this species is
by no means rare, occurring, as a rule, on sandy bottom, in depths varying
from 20 to 60 fathoms. It extends northwards to Groto and Slaatholmen
(Lofoten Isles), where it was collected by Dr. Danielssen.

Distribution. - British Isles (Sp. Bate), coast of France (Chevreux),
Mediterranean (Costa), Kattegat (Meinert), Bohuslan (Bruzelius).

171
5. Ampelisca gibba, G. 0. Sars.

(PI. 59, fig. 2).
Ampelisca gibba, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaceer, I. p. 107, PI. 6, fig, 1.

Cephalon about the length of the 3 anterior segments of mesosomc
combined, evenly tapering distally, and narrowly truncated at the tip, lower
corner but little projecting. First pair of coxal plates gradually widening
below, terminal edge nearly transversely truncated; 4th pair somewhat
narrower than in A. laviyata. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome
produced at the lateral corners to an acute projection, posterior edge slightly
arcuate in the middle. First segment of urosome exhibiting, at the end dorsally,
a very conspicuous hump-like compressed projection, which in the male is
still more prominent, and nearly erect. Corneal lenses distinct, the lower
pair placed a little behind the inferior corners of the front; underlying pig-
ment well-defined, and bright red. Superior antennae in female rather small,
scarcely reaching beyond the penultimate peduncular joint of the inferior ones,
2nd joint of the peduncle much more elongated and slender than in A. loevigata,
flagellum about the length of the peduncle, and composed of only 6 articula-
tions; those in male somewhat longer, though scarcely reaching beyond the
middle of the last peduncular joint of the inferior ones. The latter in female
not quite as long as the body, and extremely slender, the 2 outer joints of
the peduncle narrow and elongated, the last one a little shorter than the
penultimate. Both pairs of gnathopoda slender and feeble, especially the
posterior ones. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda with the meral joint far less
expanded than in A. leev-igata, dactylus long and narrow. Last pair of pereio-
poda with the basal joint about equalling in length the remaining part of
the leg, posterior expansion obtusely truncated at the tip, outer part of the
leg somewhat resembling that of A. Icevigata, but with the deflexed lobe of
the meral joint considerably smaller, and bearing only 3 setse at the tip.
Last pair of uropoda with the rami much narrower, and nearly naked. Telson
in female rather short and broad, nearly obcordate in form, and somewhat
dilated in the middle, outer part triangularly tapering, with a double series
of about 5 bristles somewhat within the edges dorsally; that in male con-
siderably narrower. Body highly pellucid, and nearly colourless, except
for a few small yellowish speckles in the anterior part; ova in the
marsupial pouch of a beautiful orange-colour. Length of adult female 8 mm.
of male 7 mm.

Remarks. - This species is nearly allied to A. hcvigata. though easily
distinguishable, not only by its much smaller si/e, but also by the rather
different form of the cephalon, and by the very conspicuous hump-like dorsal
projection of the 1st segment of urosome.

172

Occurrence. I have met with this form rather abundantly in several
places, both off the south and west coasts of Norway, and northwards to the
Trondhjemsfjord. It is a more pronounced deep-water species than A. Jcevigata,
occurring only in depths varying from 50 to 150 fathoms, muddy bottom.
Out of Norway, it has not yet been recorded.

6. Ampelisca macrocephala, Lilljeborg.

(PI. 60, flg. 1).
Ampelisca macrocephala, Lilljeborg, Ofvers. af Kgl. Vet. Akacl. Forhandl. 1852, p. 7.

Cephalon fully as long as the 3 anterior segments of mesosome com-
bined, and gradually tapering anteriorly, frontal part rather produced, and
obliquely truncated at the tip. First pair of coxal plates but slightly expan-
ded distally, and scarcely broader than the 2 succeeding ones; 4th pair much
more deep than broad, with the lower edge considerably shorter than the hind
margin. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome produced at the lateral
corners to a strong spiniform projection, posterior edge forming a rounded
lobe in the middle. First segment of urosome having dorsally a slight trans-
verse depression, more distinct in the male, and behind it a low carina ter-
minating with a slightly projecting angle. Corneal lenses very small, though
distinct, the lower pair occupying the inferior corners of the front; underlying
pigment somewhat irregular in form and bright red. Superior antennae in
female about the length of the cephalon and the 2 anterior segments of meso-
some combined, and reaching to the end of the peduncle of the inferior ones,
flagellum twice the length of the peduncle, and composed of about 12 arti-
culations; those in male, as usual, more elongated and slender, reaching con-
siderably beyond the peduncle of the inferior ones. The latter in female
scarcely exceeding half the length of the body, last joint of the peduncle
shorter than the penultimate one. (rnathopoda rather slender and feeble,
propodos of the anterior ones about the length of the carpus, and very slightly
dilated in its outer part, that of the posterior ones very narrow, and scarcely
half as long as the carpus. Dactylus of the anterior pairs of pereiopoda
about the length of the 2 preceding joints combined. Last pair of pereiopoda
with the basal joint about equalling in length the remaining part of the leg,
posterior expansion rather broad, and transversely truncated at the tip, ischial
joint short, meral joint forming at the end posteriorly a rather small, deflexed
lobe, fringed with delicate setae, carpal joint heart-shaped, with 3 long ciliated
setse originating from the posterior corner, propodal joint oblong, tapering
distally, and scarcely longer than the 2 preceding joints combined, dactylus
about half its length. Last pair of uropoda with the rami broadly lanceolate,

173

and about twice as long as the basal part ; penultimate pair with the outer ramus
somewhat shorter than the inner, and armed, near the tip, with a very long
and slender spine. Telson oblong oval, about twice as long as it is broad, with
4 pairs of dorsal denticles, and a single pair of apical spinules, tip blunt t-d.
Body whitish, pellucid, mottled on the sides with pinkish and yellowish specks.
Length of adult female 14 mm, of male somewhat less.

Remarks. In its general appearance, this species bears some re-
semblance to the above-described A. assimiliy, though being, perhaps, a little
more slender in form. On closer examination, it is however easily distinguished
by the rather different structure of the last pair of pereiopoda, as also by
the form of the last pair of epimeral plates of metasome, finally, by the very
slight dorsal carina of the 1st segment of urosome.

Occurrence. The species occurs along the whole coast of Norway,
from the Christianiafjord to Vadso, in moderate depths, but seems to be most
abundant in the arctic region.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Labrador, east coast of
North America, Iceland, Spitsbergen, the Kara Sea; British Isles, Kattegat,
Bolmslan.

7. Ampelisca spinipes, Boeck.

(PL 60, fig. 2).
Ampelisca spinipes, Boeck, Crust, ainphip. hor. & arctica, p. 143.

Cephalon about the length of the 3 anterior segments of mesosome
combined, slightly tapering anteriorly, tip nearly transversely truncated, with
the lower corner somewhat less projecting than the upper. First pair of coxal
plates obliquely expanded distally, and rather broad in their outer part; 4th
pair nearly as broad as they are deep, inferior edge somewhat oblique, and
about the length of the hind margin. Metasome slightly carinated dorsally;
last pair of epimeral plates not produced at the lateral corners, and nearly
right-angled. First segment of urosome deeply impressed at the base dorsally.
especially in the male, and exhibiting, behind the depression, a rather high
and conspicuous, rounded carina. Corneal lenses small, but distinct, the lower
pair somewhat remote from the inferior corner of the front, underlying pig-
ment somewhat irregular in form, reddish, partly coated with chalky white.
Superior antennae in female much larger than in any of the preceding specif-,
and nearly half as long as the body, 1st joint of the peduncle rather strong,
2nd, as usual, much more slender and elongated, tiagellum about 3 times lon-
ger than the peduncle, and composed of about 32 articulations provided
posteriorly with fascicles of slender setae; those in male still more elongated,

174

with the flagellnm extremely slender, and only provided with very small hairs.
Inferior antennse in female half as long again as the superior ones, the 2
outer joints of the peduncle not very elongated and nearly equal-sized; those
in male fully attaining the length of the whole body. Anterior gnathopoda
considerably stronger than the posterior ones, propodos shorter than the
carpus, oblong oval, and somewhat dilated in its proximal part. Posterior
gnathopoda extremely slender, propodos linear, and somewhat exceeding half
the length of the carpus. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda about as in A. macro-
cepluda : the 2 succeeding pairs with the outer joints rather richly armed with
spines. Last pair of pereiopoda very similar in structure to those in A. typica,
though the basal joint appears comparatively a little smaller, and the dactylus
shorter. Last pair of uropoda likewise of much the same structure as in that
species. Telson very narrow and nearly smooth, excepting for 3 small marginal
spinules near the tip of each terminal lobe. Body semipellucid, light yellowish,
with orange-coloured shadows and specks, outer peduncular joints of the
antennae tinged at their tip with light reddish colour. Length of adult female
15 mm, of male somewhat less.

Remarks. This pretty form, one of the largest of the indigenous
Ampeliscae *), may be easily recognized from any of the preceding species by
the much fuller development of the superior antennae. From the succeeding
species it is moreover readily distinguished by the structure of the last pair
of pereiopoda, and by the form of the last pair of epimeral plates of metasome.

Occurrence. Though nowhere in any abundance, I have met with
this species in several localities, both off the south and west coasts of Norway,
and northwards to the Lofoten Isles (Rost), in depths, varying from 30 to
100 fathoms.

Distribution. - Coast of France (Chevreux), Kattegat (Meinert), Bo-
huslan (Stockholm Museum).

8. Ampelisca Eschrichtii, Kroyer.

(PI. 61, fig. 1).

Ampelisca Eschrichtii, Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 1 R. Bd. IV, p. 155.
Syn: Ampelisca ingens, Stinipsou.

Ampelisca dubia, Boeck (young).

Ampelisca propinqva, Boeck (somewhat older).

Cephalon scarcely attaining the length of the 3 anterior segments of
mesosome combined, frontal part gradually tapering, and transversely truncated
at the tip. First pair of coxal plates but slightly expanded distally, and

*) Boeck states the length to be 30 mm, but this is certainly incorrect, and may most
probably be due to a misprint.

175

scarcely broader than the 2 succeeding pairs; 4th pair much more deep than
broad, lower edge shorter than the hind margin. Metasome and the posterior
part of mesosome distinctly keeled dorsally. Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome produced at the lateral corners to a spiniform projection, posterior
edge evenly convex in the middle. First segment of urosome with a very
slight dorsal carina. Corneal lenses distinct, the lower pair placed within a
small sinus of the inferior edges of the cephalon, at a short distance from
the lower corners of the front; underlying pigment well-defined and bright
red. Superior antennae in female about 3 times the length of the cephalon,
and considerably projecting beyond the peduncle of the inferior ones, flagellum
2 and a half times as long as the peduncle, and composed of about 30 arti-
culations clothed posteriorly with fascicles of slender seta?. Inferior antennae
twice the length of the superior, with the 2 outer joints of the peduncle
nearly equal-sized. Both pairs of gnathopoda rather slender, but especially
the posterior ones; propodos in the former a little shorter than the carpus,
and oblong oval in form; in the latter about half as long as the carpus, and
sublinear. Dactylus of the anterior pairs of pereiopoda very slender and
considerably exceeding in length the 2 preceding joints combined. The 2
succeeding pairs, with the propodal joint produced beyond the short recurved
dactylus, to a compressed setiferous lobe. Last pair of pereiopoda with the
basal joint considerably exceeding in length the remaining part of the leg,
posterior expansion somewhat irregular in form, obliquely truncated, and
strongly rounded at the inferior corner, which reaches almost to the end of
the meral joint ; carpal joint rather broad, nearly heart-shaped, and considerably
projecting anteriorly, propodal joint very narrow, and shorter than the 2
preceding joints combined, dactylus narrowly lanceolate, and exceeding half its
length. Last pair of uropoda with the rami lanceolate, twice as long as the
basal part, and fringed with ciliated bristles, besides a few spinules. Telson
oblong and quite naked, excepting for a small apical denticle on each side. Body
semipellucid, with a faint yellowish tinge, and mottled with orange and
pinkish pigment. Length of adult female reaching 25 mm.

Eemarlts. This is the first described species of the genus, and is
readily recognized from most other species, not only by its large size, but
also by several other well-marked characteristics, thus by the distinctly keeled
posterior part of the body, by the form of the cephalon and the last pair ol
epimeral plates of metasome; furthermore, by the mutual length of the antenna 1 ,
and by the structure of the last pair of pereiopoda, The Awju'ti^-ii IHII<-HK
of Stimpson, as described by Sp. Bate, would seem to be this species, at least
to judge from its large size. The two imperfect]}- described species, named
by Boeck as A. dubia and propinqva, must be cancelled, as I have found, on

176

examining his type specimens, that both are founded only upon young speci-
mens of the present species.

Occurrence. The species would seem to be a genuine arctic form,
occurring rather plentifully oft the whole coast of Nordland and Finmark, in
moderate depths, but also occasionally extending southwards along the west
coast of Norway, at least to Bergen.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean, widely distributed: Greenland, Labra-
dor, Iceland, Spitsbergen, the Murman Coast, the Kara Sea, the Siberian
Polar Sea; east coast of North America (Stimpson), '? Bohuslan (Lilljeborg).

9. Ampelisca odontoplax. U. o. Sars.

(PI. 61, fig. 2).
Ampelisca odontoplax, G. 0. Sars, Crust. & Pygnog. nova etc. No. 31.

Cephalon exceeding in length the 3 anterior segments of mesosome
combined, distinctly keeled dorsally, and but slightly tapering distally, tip
transversely truncated, and emarginated in the middle. The 3 anterior pairs
of coxal plates rather narrow, and turned obliquely forwards, each with a
very distinct dentiform projection at the infero-posteal corner; 1st pair but
very slightly expanded distally, and scarcely broader than the 2 succeeding
pairs; 4th pair fully as broad as it is deep, inferior and posterior edges forming
an even uninterrupted curve. Metasome distinctly keeled dorsally, last pair
of epimeral plates produced at the lateral corners to a rather short dentiform
projection. First segment of urosome with a slight dorsal carina terminating
with a sharp corner. Eyes wholly absent. Superior antennae of female about
half the length of the body, 1st joint of the peduncle rather large, 2nd twice
its length, and much more slender, flagellum scarcely twice the length of the
peduncle, and composed of about 32 articulations. Inferior antennae not quite
twice as long as the superior, last joint of the peduncle shorter than the
penultimate one. Gnathopoda nearly as in A. Erchrichtii. Dactylus of the
anterior pairs of pereiopoda very slender, and considerably exceeding the length
of the 2 preceding joints combined. Last pair of pereiopoda rather strong, basal
joint very broad, but scarcely as long as the remaining part of the leg, posterior
expansion nearly trans versely truncated at the tip; the 3 succeeding joints
about as in A. Erchrichtii, propodal joint, on the other hand, considerably
larger, oblong in form, and exceeding in length the 2 preceding joints combined,
dactylus about half its length, and narrowly lanceolate. Last pair of uropoda
about as in A. Exchn'chtii; penultimate pair witli both rami densely spinous
on the inner edge, the outer spine in each much longer than the others.
Telson oblong oval, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, tip of the terminal lobes

177

somewhat emarginated, and l)earing a single apical spinule. Body whitish.
pellucid, without any distinct pigmentation. Length of adult female 18 mm.

Remarks. From all the species previously described, this form is
easily distinguished by the absolute want of eyes, moreover by the dorsal! v
carinated cephalon, and the distinct dentiform projection of the anterior pairs
of coxal plates. It is, next A. Escliriclitii, the largest of the indigenous
Ampeliscse.

Occurrence. Of this form, 2 specimens were collected during tin-
Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, outside the coast of Helgoland (Stat.
147), in a depth of 142 fathoms. A few much smaller specimens I found
subsequently at Hasvig, west coast of Finmark, in about the same depth,
and another specimen was collected by the author, some years ago, in the
outer part of the Trondhjemsfjord, at Bejan. It thus appears to be a true
Norwegian species. Out of Norway, it lias not yet been recorded.

10. Ampelisca aeqvicornis, Bmzelius.

(PI. 62, fig. 1).
Ampelisca ceqvicornis, Bruzelius, Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl. Ill, p. 82, PL 4, tig. 16.

Body rather stout, with the back rounded, not carinated. Cephalon
shorter than the 3 anterior segments of mesosome combined, and but slightly
tapering distally, front nearly transversely truncated, though the superior
corner is somewhat more projecting than the inferior. Anterior pairs of coxal
plates without any dentiform projection; 1st pair gradually widening below.
and considerably broader than the 2 succeeding pairs; 4th pair somewlial
deeper than it is broad, inferior edge about the length of the hind margin,
both defined from each other by an obtuse angle. Last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome rectangular. First segment of urosome with a very slight
dorsal carina, terminating with a somewhat projecting corner. Corneal lenses
distinct, though rather small, the lower pair placed at some distance from
the inferior corners of the front, close to the lower edge ; underlying pigment
well-defined, reddish. Antennae in female nearly equal in length, or the in-
ferior very little longer, about equalling half the length of the body, 2nd
peduncular joint of the superior ones rather elongated, last peduncular joint
of the inferior ones a little longer than the penultimate one, nagellum in
both pairs composed of about 24 joints provided posteriorly with fascicles of
slender setse. Gnathopoda of the usual structure, the anterior ones somewhat
stronger than the posterior. Dactylus of the anterior pairs of pereiopoda
scarcely attaining the length of the 2 preceding joints combined. The :
succeeding pairs unusually short, with the basal joint greatly expanded, lliat

23 Crustacea.

178

of the penultimate pair considerably greater in breadth than in length, and
having the anterior edge angularly bent in the middle. Last pair of pereiopoda
with the basal joint exceeding in length the remaining part of the leg,
posterior expansion rather broad and obtusely truncated at the tip, ischial joint
comparatively large and stout, propodal joint shorter than the 2 preceding
joints combined, and oblong in form, dactylns broadly lanceolate, and exceeding-
its half length. Last pair of nropoda with the rami scarcely twice as long as
the basal part, and only fringed with simple spiniform bristles. Telson oblong,
about twice as long as it is broad, slightly tapering in its outer part, with 2
pairs of dorsal denticles, tip blunted. Colour not yet stated. Length of adult
female 11 mm.

Remarks. The present species, at first detected by Bruzelius on the
Bohuslan coast, is chiefly distinguished from those previously described, by
the nearly equal-sized antennae, a characteristic which gave rise to the specific
name. It is, moreover, characterised by the unusually short and robust form
of the antepenultimate and penultimate pairs of pereiopoda, as also by the
less produced frontal part of the cephalon.

Occurrence. The species would seem to occur along the whole south
and west coasts of Norway, and northwards up to the Lofoten Isles, in depths
varying from 50 to 200 fathoms. In some places, it may be found in great
abundance, thus in the Christianiafjord at Drobak, from which locality Prof.
Loven, long ago, brought home a vast number of specimens.

Distribution. - British Isles (Norman), Shetland Isles (the same author),
Bohuslan (Bruzelius).

11. Ampelisca anomala, (1. 0. Sars.

(PI. 62, fig. 2).
Ampelisca anomala, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crnstaeocr I, p. 108, PL 6, fig. 2.

Cephalon about the length of the 3 anterior segments of mesosome
combined, frontal part gradually tapering distally, with the tip transversely
truncated and rather deeply emarginated in the middle, inferior corner acutely
produced. First pair of coxal plates rather expanded distally, and obliquely
rounded at the tip, without, however, as in most other species, concealing the
basal part of the inferior antennae; 4th pair nearly as broad as deep, with
the inferior edge longer than the posterior. Last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome rectangular. First segment of urosome having dorsally a distinct
carina terminating in a sharp corner. Corneal lenses unusually large,
though less refractive than in most other species, the lower pair placed on
the sides of the cephalon at some distance both from the inferior edge, and

179

the lower corner of the front; ocular pigment well-defined, reddish. Antenna
in female very elongated, bearing posteriorly fascicles of slender setae, the
superior ones considerably exceeding half the length of the body, 2nd joint
of the peduncle long and slender, flagellum two and a half times as long as
the peduncle, and composed of about 30 articulations. Inferior antennae halt'
as long again as the superior, and scarcely shorter than the body, last joint
of the peduncle a little longer than the penultimate one. Gnathopoda less
dissimilar than usual, the posterior ones being but little more slender than
the anterior, propodos in both slightly shorter than the carpus. Dactylus of
the anterior pairs of pereiopoda very slender, and considerably exceeding the
length of the 2 preceding joints combined. The 2 succeeding pairs with the
outer part much more elongated than in A. ceqvicornis. Last pair of pereiopoda
with the basal joint exceeding in length the remaining part of the leg, posterior
expansion obliquely rounded; outer part of the leg about as in A. tpqi-icornis,
except that the propodal joint is somewhat larger. Last pair of uropoda with
the ranii about twice as long as the basal part, and only provided with a
few simple hairs. Telson oval in form, scarcely twice as long as it is broad,
without any dorsal denticles, but with a single apical spinule on each of the
terminal lobes. Body highly pellucid, and nearly colourless. Length of adult
female scarcely exceeding 7 mm.

Remarks. The specific name anomala assigned to this species, refers
chiefly to the fact, that the basal part of the inferior antennae is not, as
usual, concealed by the 1st pair of coxal plates, but projects, as in the
genus Byblis, freely beyond their edges, a characteristic which was indeed
recorded by Boeck, as a distinguishing mark between the latter genus and that
of Ampelisca. The same thing is, however, also observed in the 2 new species
to be next described. The present form is, moreover, easily recognized from
the previously described species by the unusually large corneal lenses, and
by the extremely elongated and slender antennae.

Occurrence. It would seem, on the whole, to be a very rare species.
I first detected it at Ivorshavn, west coast of Norway, and have subsequently
found it in 2 other places, viz., in the Hardangerfjord at Simde, and in the
outer part of the Christianiafjord off Hvalor. In all 3 places it occurred at
a very considerable depth, from 100 to 200 fathoms.

Distribution. OIF Cape Finisterre (Expedition of Hirondelle).

180
12. Ampelisca amblyops, G-. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PL 63, fig. 1).

Ceplialon comparatively short, not attaining the length of the 3 an-
terior segments of mesosome combined, frontal part but slightly tapering and
deeply emarginated at the tip, the lower corner rather projecting. First pair
of coxal plates obliquely expanded distally, and, as in the preceding species,
not concealing the basal part of the inferior antennae; 4th pair mnch greater
in depth than in breadth, inferior and posterior edges nearly of equal length and
defined by an obtuse angle. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome slightly
produced at the lateral corners. First segment of urosome having a rather
conspicuous dorsal carina terminating in a projecting corner, blunted at the
tip. Corneal lenses wholly wanting, but 2 irregular patches of a reddish
pigment present in the usual place. Antennas in female elongated and slender,
with fascicles of delicate bristles posteriorly, the superior ones somewhat
shorter than the inferior, with the 1st joint of the peduncle comparatively
large and stout, 2nd very slender, flagellum twice the length of the peduncle,
and composed of about 25 articulations. Inferior antennas not fully attaining
the length of the body, last joint of the peduncle longer than the penultimate
one, Grnathopoda comparatively slender, and of almost the same structure as
in A. anomala. Dactylus of the anterior pairs of pereiopoda about the length
of the 2 preceding joints combined. The 2 succeeding pairs comparatively
elongated and slender. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint considerably
exceeding in length the remaining part of the leg, posterior expansion obli-
quely truncated at the tip, ischial joint rather stout, meral joint small and
strongly constricted at the base, propodal joint oblong, and scarcely as long
as the 2 preceding joints combined, dactylus about half its length, and lan-
ceolate in form. Last pair of uropoda rather large, rami twice the length of
the basal part, and foliaceous, with a few scattered marginal bristles. Telson
oblong oval, with 2 pairs of dorsal denticles, and one pair of apical spinules.
Body highly pellucid, and nearly colourless. Length of adult female 8 mm.

Remarks. This new species somewhat resembles A. anomala, from
which it is however at once distinguished by the absolute, want of any corneal
lenses. It moreover differs by the antennae being somewhat shorter, and by
the more produced last pair of epimeral plates of metasome.

Occurrence. It is a very rare species, and confined to considerable
depths. I have found it in two widely distant places off the coast of Norway,
viz., in the outer part of Christianiafjord off Hvalor, and in the Trondhj ems-
fjord at Vennaes. In both places it occurred quite solitary in depths from 100
to 150 fathoms.

Distribution. Bohusliin (Stockholm Museum).

181
13. Ampelisca pusilla, G. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 63, fig. 2).

Form of body somewhat shorter and stouter than in the last species.
Cephalon comparatively short, and but little tapering anteriorly, front obliquely
emarginated, with the lower corner but little projecting. First pair of coxal
plates less obliquely expanded, and, as in the 2 preceding species, not con-
cealing the basal part of the inferior antennae; 4th pair greater in depth than in
breadth, with the inferior edge shorter than the posterior. Last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome not produced at the lateral corners, and nearly rectangular.
First segment of urosome with the dorsal carina in female nearly obsolete,
in male more distinct, and bounded anteriorly by a deep saddle-shaped depres-
sion. Eyes, as in A. amblyops, imperfectly developed, without any trace of
corneal lenses. Antennee in female nearly equal-sized, densely setous, and but
little exceeding half the length of the body, in male more unequal, the
inferior ones being considerably more elongated than the superior. Anterior
gnathopoda somewhat coarser in structure than the posterior, with the pro-
podos oval, and fully as long as the carpus. The 4 anterior pairs of pereio-
poda about as in A. ambli/op*. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint but
little longer than the remaining part of the leg, posterior expansion rather
broad, and obtusely truncated at the tip, outer part of the leg nearly as in
A. amblyops, except that the propodal joint is somewhat larger. Same legs in
male somewhat smaller, with the basal joint less expanded, and more obliquely
truncated posteriorly. Last pair of uropoda comparatively smaller than in
the said species, with the rami not nearly so broad. Telson without any
dorsal denticles, but with 2 small marginal spinules near the tip on each side.
Body whitish, pellucid, without any distinct colouring, except for a faint
rosy tinge on the anterior part of the body, at the sides of the 1st pair of
coxal plates. Length of adult female scarcely exceeding 5 mm.

Remarks. - - This is by far the smallest of the indigenous Ampeliscae,
and though nearly allied to A. amblyops, readily distinguished by the com-
paratively shorter and equal-sized antenna?, as also by the form of the cepha-
lon, by the non-produced last pair of epimeral plates of metasome, and by
the much slighter dorsal carina of the 1st segment of urosome.

Occurrence. I have found this diminutive species rather abundantly
in several places, both off the south and west coasts of Norway, and northwards
to Selsovig, lying exactly at the polar circle. It only occurs in considerable
depths, from 100 to 200 fathoms, muddy bottom.

Distribution. Bohuslan (Stockholm Museum).

182

Gen. 2 Byblis, Boeck, 1870.
Syn: Ampelisca, Kroyer (part).

Body, as a rule, more slender than in the preceding genus, and highly
compressed, though scarcely carinated dorsally. Cephalon with the frontal
part but little produced, and truncated at the tip, postantennal corner distinct,
and nearly right-angled. Anterior pairs of coxal plates much smaller than
in Ampelisca; 1st pair scarcely deeper than the succeeding pairs, but con-
siderably expanded in their outer part, and densely fringed with slender
bristles; 4th pair forming posteriorly a rather projecting acuminate corner,
beneath which the edge is evenly curved throughout. Last pair of epimeral
plates of metasome not produced at the lateral corners. Urosome short and
stout. Corneal lenses, when present, two on each side. Antennae slender,
their mutual length different in the different species, basal part of the inferior
ones not concealed. Mandibles rather strong, with the body somewhat larger
than in Ampelisca, palp very slender, with the 2nd joint not at all expanded,
and the last comparatively short. Maxillae about as in that genus. Maxilli-
peds with the basal lobe rather narrow and truncated at the tip, masticatory
lobe very large, reaching beyond the antepenultimate joint of the palp, penul-
timate joint of the latter narrower than in Ampelisca. Gnathopoda very
slender, especially the posterior ones, otherwise of much the same structure
as in that genus. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda likewise rather similar, except
that the carpal joint is comparatively somewhat larger. The 2 succeeding
pairs rather slender, basal joint less expanded than in the preceding genus,
carpal joint elongated and armed on the outer side with several transverse
rows of short spinules, dactylus somewhat stronger than in that genus. Last
pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint produced posteriorly to a very large
and projecting deflexed lobe, fringed on the anterior and inferior edges with
a dense row of short ciliated setaB, inner face of the expansion more or less
clothed witli long and slender bristles; outer part of the leg attenuated,
propodal joint not at all expanded, sublinear, and more or less spinous on the
edges, dactylus extremely narrow, and tipped by 2 unequal bristles. Last
pair of uropoda much smaller than in Ampelisca and scarcely reaching beyond
the preceding pairs, rami narrowly lanceolate, not setous in female, their
opposite edges being more or less distinctly serrated. Telson short and broad,
and only slightly incised posteriorly.

Eemarks. This genus, established by Boeck, is chiefly distinguished
from Ampelisca, by the anterior pairs of coxal plates being far less deep, and
not concealing the basal part of the inferior antennae, by the form of the
mandibular palp and of the last pair of pereiopoda, finally by the rather

183

different structure of the last pair of uropoda, and that of the telson. The
species of this genus are still more difficult to distinguish from each other,
exhibiting, as they do, a very uniform appearance, and agreeing almost exactly
in the structure of the last pair of pereiopoda, which, in Ampelisca, afford-
one of the most easily recognizable distinguishing marks. The mutual lon-
gitudinal relation of the antennae, the form of the last pair of epimeral plates of
metasome, and the structure of the last pair of uropoda, and that of the telson,
are, chiefly, those characteristics by which the species may be more clearly
distinguished from each other. Besides the typical form, T>. G'inninUl of
Kroyer, a few species have been characterized in the latter time by different
authors. Thus a species, nearly related to B. Gaimardii, has been recorded
from the American coast, as H. errata Smith; another form was described by
Metzger from the North Sea as 13. cratKtroriti*, and a third species has recently
been characterised by Chevreux, from the Expedition of Hirondelle, as B.
(.lu<')"ni. I have myself examined no less than 7 species occurring off the
Norwegian coast, to be described in the sequel.

14. Byblis Gaimardii, (Kroyer).

(PI. 64).
Ampelisca Gaimardii, Kroyer, Gaimard's Voyages en Seandinavie, PL 23, fig. 1.

Form of body very slender, especially in the male. Cephalon much
shorter than the 3 anterior segments of mesosome combined, front transversely
truncated, with the lower corner blunted. Anterior pairs of coxal plates very
little deeper than the corresponding segments, 1st pair obliquely expanded
distally, and advancing along the sides of the ceph'alon, terminal edge strongly
arched in front and densely fringed with long and slender bristles; 4th pair
considerably more broad than deep, terminal edge but slightly curved. Last
pair of epimeral plates of metasome broadly truncated at the lateral corners.
First segment of urosome somewhat gibbous at the end dorsally. Cornea!
lenses very large and refracting, the lower pair occupying the inferior corners
of the front; underlying pigment brownish, with a darker ring encircling the
lenses. Superior antennas in female about equalling in length the third part
of the body, and scarcely more than half as long as the inferior, 1st joint oi
the peduncle short and thick, 2nd about twice as long, and much more slender
last one small, and reaching a little beyond the middle of the penultimate
peduncular joint of the inferior ones, flagellum twice the length of the peduncle
and composed of about 20 articulations. Inferior antenna in female about
equalling in length 3 A of the body, last joint of the peduncle shorter than
the penultimate one. Antennae in male much more elongated, the inferior ones

184

exceeding the length of the body, peduncles of both clothed, on their opposite
edges, with numerous transverse rows of short sensitive hairs, flagella extremely
slender and nearly naked. Anterior gnathopoda a little stronger than the
posterior ones, with the propodos oblong oval, and considerably shorter than
the carpus ; that of the posterior ones much narrower, and slightly tapering
distally. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda with the propodal joint rather narrow,
and considerably longer than the carpal joint, dactylus slender, and somewhat
exceeding the length of the former. The 2 succeeding pairs with the basal
joint much less broad than long, and having the anterior edge evenly curved,
and fringed with ciliated setae, carpal joint with about transverse rows of
spinules on its outer side, dactylus comparatively short. Last pair of pereio-
poda with the posterior expansion of the basal joint reaching considerably
beyond the meral joint and nearly transversely truncated at the tip, inferior
and anterior edges defined by an obtuse angle, carpal joint fully as long as
the 2 preceding joints combined, and having a row of about 9 slender spines
along the anterior edge, propodal joint a little shorter. Last pair of nropoda
with the rami sharply pointed at the tip, their opposite edges finely serrated,
and having near the base a projecting corner, inner ramns with 8 denticles
on the inner edge. Telson rounded, nearly as long as it is broad, witli a few
marginal hairs, and two somewhat longer bristles at the tip, incision very
short, rounded at the bottom, Body whitish, pellucid, with faint orange-
coloured shadows, frontal part of the cephalon densely mottled with dark
violet. Length of adult female 15 mm, of male somewhat less.

Remarks. - This form was first recorded by Kroyer as an Ampelisca,
and was figured in the well known work of Gaimard, as Ampdisca Gaimardii
In the year 1870 Boeck, however, justly separated it from that genus, and
established the genus J3yl)lis for its reception. It may thus be regarded as
the type of the present genus. The Bylilis serrata of Smith, of which species
I have had a specimen for examination, kindly sent to our Museum, from that
author, is very nearly allied to the Kroyerian form, but apparently distinct.

Occurrence. - The species is a genuine arctic form, occurring rather
abundantly everywhere off the coast of Fimnark, in moderate depths. It also
however, extends southwards along the whole west coast of Norwaj^, and is
even occasionally met witli off the south coast, to the Christianiafjord.

Distribution. Arctic Ocean widely distributed : Greenland, Labrador,
Iceland, Spitsbergen, the Murman coast, the Kara Sea, the Siberian Polar
Sea; Kattegat (Meinert), Bohuslan (Bruzelius) *).

*) The statement, of its occurrence also in the Mediterranean off Naples (Costa), and in
the Adriatic (Heller;, seems to me very questionable, and may most probably result
from its being confounded with some nearly allied species.

185

15. Byblis longicornis, Gr. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PL 65, fig. 1).

Form of body nearly as in B. Gaimanlii. Cephalon with the frontal
part somewhat less produced, and nearly transversely truncated at the tip,
lower corner well-marked and sharp. Coxal plates about as in the preced-
ing species. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome obtusely rounded
at the lateral corners. First segment of urosome distinctly gibbous at the
end dorsally. Corneal lenses somewhat smaller than in the type species,
the lower pair placed close to the inferior edge of the cephalon, at some
distance from the inferior corners of the front; ocular pigment well defined,
and light brown. Antennae very elongated, the superior ones (in female) much
more fully developed than in B. Gdhudn'Hi, attaining about 3 /* of the length
of the body, peduncle reaching to the end of the penultimate peduncular
joint of the inferior ones, flagellum three times as long as the peduncle, and
composed of about 35 articulations provided posteriorly with fascicles of
slender setse. Inferior antennas half as long again as the superior, and con-
siderably exceeding the length of the whole body, the outer 2 joints of the
peduncle nearly equal-sized. Griiathopoda very like in structure those in
B. Gaimardii, though the propodos appears somewhat longer in proportion
to the carpus. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda with the propodal joint but
little longer than the carpal one, dactylus comparatively shorter than in
B. Gaimardii. The 2 succeeding pairs about as in that species. Last pair
of pereiopoda with the posterior expansion of the basal joint densely clothed
with seta3 on the inner face, anterior and inferior edges not distinct from
each other, both forming together quite an even curve ; carpal joint scarcely
as long as the 2 preceding ones combined, and having anteriorly 5 fascicles
of slender spines, propodal joint very slender and exceeding the carpal one in
length. Last pair of uropoda somewhat coarser in structure than in the
type species, rami lanceolate, with the opposite edges finely serrated, but
without any distinct projecting angle at the base, inner ramus with 5 den-
ticles inside; penultimate pair with the rami less densely spinous. Telson
broader than it is long, outer part considerably narrowed, with the tip sub-
truncated, and bearing 2 slender spines dorsally, cleft very small and narrow.
Colour of the living animal not yet stated, but no trace of pigmentary rami-
fications present on the cephalon in alcoholic specimens. Length of adult
female 12 mm.

Eemarlis. Though very nearly allied to B. (rninuir<lii, this new
species may at once be recognized by the unusually elongated antennae, and
especially by the much fuller development of the superior ones. Also the abso-

24 Crustacea.

186

lute want of any pigmentary ramifications on the cephalon may serve for
distinguishing this form from the type species.

Occurrence. - - Of this species a single specimen, the one here figured,
was collected long ago, by the author, off the Lofoten Isles. Another speci-
men, preserved in the Stockholm Museum, was taken ^ by v. Yhlen, on the
great fishing banks outside the coast of Finmark. Finally, a few specimens
were procured during the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition in 3 different
Stations, at depths varying from 70 to 148 fathoms, but were at that time
erroneously determined as J3- Gaimardii.

Distribution. The Barents Sea, south coast of Spitsbergen (Norw.
North Atlantic Expedition).

16. Byblis affinis, Gr. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PL 65, fig. 2).

Body somewhat shorter and stouter than in the 2 preceding species.
Ceplialon with the frontal part but little produced, tip transversely truncated,
with the lower corners distinctly angular, inferior edge behind the latter
rather convex. First pair of coxal plates not very much expanded distally.
Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome bluntly truncated at the lateral
corners. Corneal lenses smaller than in the 2 preceding species, the lower
pair remote from the inferior corners of the front, ocular pigment dark
brownish, with a somewhat lighter coating. Superior antennae in female
scarcely exceeding half the length of the body, peduncle reaching about to
the end of the inferior ones, flagellum twice the length of the peduncle, and
composed of about 24 articulations. Inferior antennae not twice as long as
tha body, the 2 outer joints of the peduncle nearly equal-sized. Gnathopoda
comparatively feebler in structure than in the 2 preceding species, propodos
but little shorter than the carpus. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda with
the propodal joint considerably longer than the carpal one, and gradually
tapering distally, dactylus scarcely as long as the former. Last pair
of pereiopoda with the posterior expansion of the basal joint subtrim-
cated at the tip, though the anterior corner is rounded off, carpal joint about
as long as the 2 preceding joints combined, and armed with 4 slender spines
anteriorly, propodal joint somewhat shorter and much narrower. Last pair
of uropoda with the rami slightly serrated on their opposite edges, inner
mums armed inside with 4 denticles. Telson nearly as long as it is broad
at the base, very slightly narrowed distally, tip transversely truncated,
with 2 small apical spiimles, cleft almost extending to the middle, and very
narrow, fissure-like. Body pellucid, with reddish intestine shining through

187

the integuments, and having a few orange-coloured patches on the posterior
part, and on the basal joints of the last 3 pairs of pereiopoda, oephalon finely
dotted with whitish and brownish pigment, which, however, does not form
any distinct ramifications. Length of adult female scarcely exceeding <> mm.

Ecmarfc. On going over the rather large material of J7//W/*- Gai-
nutrdii collected off the Norwegian coast in different places, and at different
times, I have been aware of this very nearly allied, though apparently distinct
species, and quite recently, I have had an opportunity of examining it also
in the living state. From B. GaimrmUi, it may be readily distinguished not
only by its much inferior size, but also by the much smaller corneal lenses,
by the distinctly angular inferior corners of the front, the different mutual
relation in length of the antennae, and finally by the want of distinct pig-
mentary ramifications on the cephalon.

Ocrnrrci/fr. - As the species was formerly confounded with B. Gai-
mardii, I am at present unable to state, with certainty, the several places
in which the species probably occurred, though I believe them to have belonged
either to the south or west coast of Norway. Off the coast of Finmark it
seems, in fact, to be wholly absent. For not even a single specimen could
be detected among a vast material of Bi/llix Gaimai'dn collected by Mr.
Schneider off that part of our country, and kindly sent to me for examina-
tion. As mentioned above, I have, quite recently, observed this species in
a living state. It occurred only in a single locality, at the entrance of the
Skjornfjord, outer part of the Trondhjemsfjord, in a depth of 40 to 60 fathoms,
but here rather abundantly.

17. Byblis erythrops, GK 0. Sars.

(PI. 65, fig. 3).
Byblis erytlirops, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Crustaoeer I, p. 109, PI. 6, fig. ;'>.

Body rather slender and highly compressed. Cephalon with tin-
frontal part transversely truncated at the tip, inferior corners distinctly pro-
jecting. First pair of coxal plates obliquely expanded distally, and densely
fringed with rather long setse. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome
nearly rectangular, lateral corners rounded off. Corneal lenses very small,
and but little refractive, the lower pair placed at some distance from the
inferior corners of the front; ocular pigment bright red. Antennae rather
elongated, and less unequal than in the preceding species; the superior ones
but little shorter than the inferior, with the peduncle reaching considerably
beyond the penultimate peduncular joint of the latter, nagellnm more than

twice as long as the peduncle, and composed of about 35 articulations.
Inferior antennas nearly attaining the length of the body, last joint of the
peduncle considerably longer than the penultimate one. Gnathopoda very
slender, especially the posterior ones, propodos in both pairs oblong, and much
shorter than the carpus. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda with the propodal
joint rather elongated and slender, dactylus somewhat shorter. Last pair
of pereiopoda with the posterior expansion of the basal joint very large,
reaching nearly to the end of the carpal joint, anterior and inferior edges
not distinct from each other, both forming together quite an even curve, carpal
joint fully as long as the 2 preceding ones combined, and rather expanded
in its outer part, propodal joint nearly of same length, but very narrow,
linear in form. Last pair of uropoda with the rami but very slightly ser-
rated on their opposite edges, inner ramus with 5 rather coarse denticles
inside. Telson rather small, subquadrangular in form, scarcely tapering
distally, tip transversely truncated, with 2 apical spinules, cleft not exten-
ding to the middle. Body highly pellucid, with dark violet intestine shining
through the integuments, sides partly mottled with pure white. Length of
adult female scarcely exceeding 8 mm.

li't'Diarl'x. The present species, shortly described and figured by
the author in the above cited paper, is easily distinguished from any of the
3 preceding species by the bright red ocular pigment, as also by the less
unequal antennae. It is also rather inferior in size.

Occurrriicc. I have only met with this form in 2 localities, viz, at
Magero, west coast of Norway, and at Bejan, outer part of the Trondhj ems-
fjord. It occurred here rather sparingly in a depth of 80 100 fathoms,
muddy bottom. Out of Norway, it has not yet been recorded.

18. Byblis crassicornis, Metzger.

(PI. G6, fig. 1).
Bijllis crassicornis, Metzger, Nordseefahrt cler Pommerania. Crustacea, p. 297, PI. VI, fig. 9.

Form of body slender. Cephalon nearly as long as the first 3 seg-
ments of mesosome combined, frontal part somewhat tapering and narrowly
truncated at the tip, inferior corners but little projecting, though distinctly
angular. First pair of coxal plates gradually widening below, terminal edge
evenly curved. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome gently rounded at
the lateral corners. Corneal lenses wholly wanting. Antennae nearly equal-
sized, and attaining in length about 2 /3 of the body; peduncle of the superior
ones reaching considerably beyond the penultimate peduncular joint of the

189

inferior, its 1st joint rather large and tumid, flagellum scarcely twice the
length of the peduncle, and composed of about 20 articulations. Inferior
antennae but very little longer than the superior, last joint of the peduncle
somewhat shorter than the penultimate one. Grnathopoda nearly as in
B. erytltrops. Last pair of pereiopoda with the posterior expansion of the
basal joint somewhat smaller and narrower than in the other species, and
scarcely reaching beyond the meral joint, its anterior and inferior edges not
defined from each other, carpal joint scarcely longer than the meral one, and
having anteriorly 3 slender spines, propodal joint about the same length.
Last pair of uropoda with the rami not serrated on their opposite edges,
the outer one having only a single dentiform projection anterior to the
middle, both rami armed on their upper face with 4 unusually strong denticles.
Telson fully as long as it is broad at the base, outer part considerably
tapering, with the tip narrowly rounded, cleft extending nearly to the middle,
each of the terminal lobes with a single spinule dorsally. Body highly
pellucid, and nearly colourless. Length of adult female scarcely ex-
ceeding 7 mm.

Remarks. - I think I am right in identifying this form with the
B. cmssicornis of Metzger, though neither the description, nor the figures given
by that author, are fully satisfactory to distinguish it from its nearest allies.
From the 4 species described above, it is easily recognized by the absolute
want of any corneal lenses, and from the 2 succeeding species, by the fuller
development of the superior antennae. Also the structure of the last pair
of pereiopoda and uropoda, and that of the telson, affords rather easily
recognizable characteristics.

Occurrence. This species has only come under my notice in two localities,
viz., at Hvitingso, west coast of Norway, and in the Christianiafjord off
Hvalor. In both places it occurred quite solitary in a depth of from 100 to
150 fathoms, muddy bottom. The specimen described by Metzger was taken
outside Jeederen, in a depth of 10G fathoms. Out of Norway it has not yet
been recorded.

19. Byblis abyssi, G. O. Sars.

(PL 66, fig. 2).
Byblis abyssi, G. 0. Sars, Crust. & Pycnogonida nova etc. No. :53.

Form of body about as in the last species. Oephalon with the frontal
part somewhat less produced, and transversely truncated at the tip, lower
corners distinct, and nearly right-angled. First pair of coxal plates obliquely
expanded distally. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome obtusely

190

truncated at the lateral corners. Corneal lenses quite wanting. Superior
antennae, in female but little exceeding half the length of the body, peduncle
by far not reaching to the end of the penultimate peduncular joint of
the inferior ones, its 1st joint about half the length of the cephalon,
flagellum fully twice as long as the peduncle, and composed of about
28 articulations. Inferior antennae nearly twice as long as the superior,
last joint of the peduncle considerably shorter than the penultimate one.
Gnathopoda about as in the two preceding species. Last pair of pereiopoda
with the posterior expansion of the basal joint broader than in fi. crci.^i-
cornis, and somewhat projecting beyond the meral joint, anterior and inferior
edges forming together a strong curve; carpal joint fully as large as the
2 preceding joints combined, and having anteriorly G spines, propodal joint a
little shorter, dactylus scarcely more than half as long. Last pair of uropoda
with the outer ramus having only 3 serrations interiorly, the inner distinctly
serrated on the opposite edge, and having besides 4 rather coarse denticles.
Telson broader than it is long, nearly quadrangular in form, outer part but
little narrowed, and transversely truncated at the tip, which is provided
with 2 slender spinules, cleft very small, nearly obsolete. Body whitish,
pellucid, without any distinct colouring. Length of adult female 12 mm.

Remark*. - - This species agrees with B. crassieornis in the absolute
want of any corneal lenses, but may readily be distinguished from that
species, by the different longitudinal relation of the two pairs of antennae,
as also by several other structural details mentioned in the above diagnosis,
not to speak of its much larger size.

Occurrence. - Three specimens of this species were collected during
the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition in 3 different Stations, all lying
outside the west and north coast of Norway, depth from 350 to 630 fathoms.
It may thus perhaps properly be referred to the fauna of Norway.

20. Byblis minuticornis, G-. 0. Sars.

(PI. 66, fig. 3).
Ampelisca minuticornis, G. O. Sars, Crust. & Pycnogouida nova etc. No. 32.

Form of body somewhat shorter and stouter than in the 2 preceding
species. Cephalon about equalling in length the 3 anterior segments of
mesosome combined, frontal part rather produced, and narrowly truncated
at the tip, lower corners but very little projecting. First pair of coxal plates
rather expanded distally, terminal edge obliquely rounded, and finely serrated
between the marginal setse. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome
obtusely truncated at the lateral corners. Corneal lenses quite wanting.

191

Superior antennae in female extremely small, about as long as the cephalon
and the first 2 segments of mesosome combined, and scarcely reaching beyond
the penultimate peduncular joint of the inferior ones, flagellum shorter than
the peduncle, and only composed of 6 articulations. Inferior antennae scarcely
exceeding half the length of the body, last joint of the peduncle shorter
than the penultimate one. Grnathopoda of the usual structure, the posterior
ones more slender and elongated than the anterior. Last pair of pereiopoda
with the posterior expansion of the basal joint rather large and broad,
reaching about to the end of the carpal joint, and obtusely truncated at the
tip, anterior corner rounded off; carpal joint scarcely longer than the 2 pre-
ceding joints combined, and having but 2 fascicles of spines anteriorly, propodal
joint about the same length, but, as usual, much more slender. Last pair of
uropoda with the rami comparatively short, and without any distinct serra-
tions, the outer one exhibiting only, on the inner edge, somewhat anterior
to the middle, a single dentiform projection, inner ramus with only 2 marginal
denticles. Telson subquadrangular in form, nearly as long as it is broad at
the base, tip truncated, and armed with a pair of apical spinules, cleft
extending about to the middle. Body highly pellucid, and nearly colourless.
Length of adult female 8 mm.

Remarks. - - This form was erroneously described by the author as
an AnipcUsca. It is however quite assuredly a true ByUis, though exhibiting
a less slender form than usual. The extremely small superior antennae will
at once serve for recognition of the present species, whicli thus justly bears
its specific apellation.

Occurrence. Several specimens of this species were collected during
the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition in as may as 6 different Stations,
and at depths varying from 350 to 634 fathoms. Five of these Stations were
located outside the great fishing banks off the west and north coast of Norway,
and hence the species may perhaps be referred to the fauna of Norway.

Distribution. - - Spitsbergen (Norw. North Atlant. Exped.).

Gen. 3. Haploops, Lilljeborg, lSf>f>.

Body, as a rule, more robust than in the genus Sybil*, and more
like that in Aini>fli*c(t. Cephalon with the frontal part less produced, post-
antennal corners rounded off. First pair of coxal plates nither large, deeper
than the succeeding ones, and gradually expanded distally, terminal edge

192

densely fringed with slender setae; 4th pair nearly as in JByblis. Corneal
lenses, when present, only two, the inferior pair being quite absent. Antennae
in female nearly equal-sized, and densely setous, the basal part of the inferior
ones partly concealed; those in male more unequal in length and extremely
slender, exhibiting a similar structure as in the males of the genus Ampdisca
and BtjUis. Mandibles about as in ByWis, but with the palp much larger
and having the last joint elongated and densely setous. Maxillse scarcely
differing in structure from those in the latter genus. Maxillipeds with the
masticatory lobe comparatively smaller, scarcely reaching to the end of the
antepenultimate joint of the palp; penultimate joint of the latter with the
outer corner produced to a rounded setiferous lobe. Gnathopoda, as a rule,
less slender than in the genus ByWis, otherwise of much the same structure.
The 4 anterior pairs of pereiopoda likewise rather similar to those in the latter
genus. Last pair of pereiopoda, on the other hand, rather different, having the
basal joint far less dilated, with the posterior expansion very slight, meral
and carpal joints laminarly dilated, and spinous at the edges, propodal joint
and dactylus very narrow. Last pair of uropoda comparatively more fully
developed than in the genus Byblis, and considerably projecting beyond the
preceding pairs, rami more or less foliaceous, and setous at the edges, the
inner one having besides a number of strong denticles inside. Telson of
moderate size, and deeply cleft.

Eemarli* - - This genus, established by Prof. Lilljeborg, is chiefly
characterised by the absolute want of the inferior pair of corneal lenses, and
by the structure of the last pair of pereiopoda. In some characteristics, as
the structure of last pair of uropoda, and of thetelson, it seems to agree more
nearly with Ampdisca, whereas in most other structural details it bears a
closer relationship to the genus BijUis. The genus is wholly restricted to
the northern Ocean, and comprises, as yet, but 4 species, 3 of which will be
described in the following pages.

21. Haploops tubicola, Lilljeborg.

(PI. 67).

Haploops tuHcola, .Lilljeborg, 0fvers. af Vet. Afead. Forli. 1855, p. 134.
Syu : Ampelisca Eschrichtii, Lilljeborg (olim ).

Haploops carinata, Lilljeborg (adult male).

Form of body in female rather short and stout, with the back broadly
rounded, and quite smooth. Cephalon but little longer than the first 2
segments of mesosome combined, frontal part gradually tapering, and trans-
versely truncated at the tip, inferior corners blunted. First pair of coxal

193

plates very large, gradually expanded distally, tip broadly rounded, and
densely fringed with ciliated setse; the 2 succeeding pairs much smaller, and
somewhat tapering distally ; 4th pair rather deeply emarginated posteriorly
in their upper part, the emargination being denned below by an acuminate
lobe. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasorae nearly rectangular, lateral
corners not produced. First segment of urosome with a very slight carina
dorsally. Ocular lenses distinct and rather large, placed near the upper
corner of the frontal part, underlying pigment of somewhat irregular form,
partly extending downwards, and of bright reddish colour. Superior an ten use
about half the length of the body, 2nd joint of the peduncle not attaining
twice the length of the 1st, flagellum two and a half times as long as the
peduncle, and composed of about 23 articulations. Inferior antennae scarcely
longer than the superior, the 2 last joints of the peduncle about equal-sized.
Mandibular palp with the terminal joint as long as the preceding one, and
slightly dilated in the middle. Gnathopoda comparatively strong, propodos
oval in form, and nearly equal in both pairs. Anterior pairs of pereiopoda
with the propodos somewhat curved and gradually tapering distally, dactyl us
of about same length; basal joint of 3rd pair fully as broad as it is long,
that of 4th pair with the anterior edge strongly curved in the middle, carpal
joint in both pairs longer than the 2 preceding joints combined, dactylus not
very strong. Last pair of pereiopoda with the basal joint rather narrow,
broadest at the base, posterior expansion slightly concave in the middle, and
forming below a rather narrow deflexed lobe, scarcely reaching beyond the
ischial joint, meral joint rather large, longer than the carpal one, and gradually
widening distally, propodal and terminal joints very small, and combined,
much shorter than the carpal one. Last pair of uropoda with the rami
subequal and foliaceous, fringed (in female) with short bristles, outer ramus
having, besides, 4 small denticles. Telson but little longer than it is broad
at the base, rounded at the tip, cleft extending far beyond the middle.
Body whitish, pellucid, with dark violet intestine shining through the integu-
ments. - Adult male much more slender than the female, and having the
back distinctly carinated in its posterior part. First segment of urosome deeply
impressed dorsally, and exhibiting, behind the depression, a hump-shaped
setous prominence. Inferior antennae very slender and elongated, exceeding 1 lie
length of the body, and nearly twice as long as the superior ones. Last pair
of uropoda with the rami comparatively larger than in female, and fringed
with long ciliated setae. Length of adult female 10 mm., of male 11. mm

Remark*. The present species, the type of the genus, was first
detected by Prof. Lilljeborg at Kullen, but, at that time, erroneously identilied
with Ampclisca Esclmchti of Kruyer. Subsequently he recognized his mistake,

25 Crustacea.

194

and redescribed the species as the type of a new genus, under the above name,
adding, at the same time, another supposed new species as H. Cfiriixiln. The
latter form, though still supported by Boeck, is, however, quite certainly,
nothing but the adult male of H. tul>icoln.

Occurrence. Though nowhere in any abundance, this form seems
to occur along the whole coast of Norway, up to Finmark, in depths
varying from 20 to 100 fathoms. As stated by Prof. Lilljeborg and others,
it constructs itself tubes of mud for dwelling in, and this may probably
be the case with all the species of the genus.

Distribution. - - Arctic Ocean : Greenland, Labrador, Iceland, Spitsbergen,
the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Sibirian polar Sea; British Isles, coast of
France, Kattegat, the Baltic (in some places collected in great abundance).

22. Haploops setosa, Boeck.

(PI. 68, % 1).
Hcrploops setofsa, Boeck, Crust, amphip. bor. it arctica, p. 148.

Body considerably more slender than in the preceding species, back
broadly rounded, with six fascicles of long slender seta? originating from the
end of the 3 last segments of mesosome and those of metasome. Cephalon
exceeding in length the first 2 segments of mesosome combined, frontal part
somewhat emarginated at the tip, lower corner distinctly angular. First
pair of coxal plates less expanded distally than in the type species; 4th
pair not nearly so dee]) at the corresponding segment, posterior projection
very long and acuminate. Last pair of epimeral plates of metasome slightly
produced at the lateral corners. First segment of urosome with a hump-
shaped setous prominence dorsal ly. Corneal lenses quite wanting, but 2
irregular patches of a reddish pigment, partly coated with white, present in
the usual place. Superior antennae considerably exceeding half the length
of the body, 2nd joint of the peduncle much elongated, flagellum twice the
length of the peduncle, and composed of about 24 articulations. Inferior
antennae about the length of the superior, the 2 last joints of the peduncle
comparatively longer than in H. t/tlicola. Mandibular palp extremely slender,
last joint linear in form, and exceeding in length the penultimate one. Gna-
thopoda comparatively more slender than in the type species, especially the
posterior ones, propodos in the anterior pair oval, in the posterior nearly
linear. Anterior pairs of pereiopnda with the dactylus longer than the pro-
podos. The 2 succeeding pairs comparatively shorter and stouter than in
H. hilricola; basal joint of the antepenultimate pair oval, scarcely as broad
as it is long, that of the penultimate pair with the anterior edge but very

195

slightly curved; carpal joint in both pairs comparatively short, scarcely
longer than the two preceding joints combined, and very obliquely truncated
at the tip, dactylus very strong and recurved. Last pair of pereiopoda with
the basal joint oblong quadrangular, not tapering distally, posterior expan-
sion densely setous, and forming below, a broadly rounded setiferous lobe,
reaching about to the middle of the meral joint, the latter scarcely longer
than the carpal one, which is shorter than the propodal and terminal joints
combined. Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus shorter than the outer
and provided, in addition to the setse, with 2 very strong denticles. Telson
small, subtriangular, about as long as it is broad at the base, and gradually
tapering distally, cleft very narrow, fissure-like, and extending about to the
middle, its edges bordered by several slender bristles, the outer of which
are very long. Colour greyish white, with brownish intestine shining through
the integuments. Length of adult female 13 mm.

Eemarkft. This species established by Boeck, is easily distinguishable
from the preceding one by its much more slender form of body, and espe-
cially by the peculiar ornamentation of the back with fascicles of slender erect
setse. The absolute want of any corneal lenses, and the rather different
structure of the last pair of pereiopoda, are also easily recognizable charac-
teristics by which the present species may be distinguished from H. tnl:>i <'<>!.

Occurrence. The species is a true deep water form, occurring only
in depths varying from 100 to 300 fathoms. I have met with it in several
places, both off the south and west coasts of Norway, and northwards to the
Lofoten Isles. Boeck first detected it in the Bergensfjord.

Divln'lit/doit. - Greenland (Hansen), the Kara Sea (Stuxberg) ; Iceland,
the Barents Sea, Beeren Eiland, Spitsbergen (Norw. North Atlant. Exp.)

23. Haploops robusta, G-. 0. Sars, n. sp.

(PI. 68, fig. 2).

Body rather robust, with broadly vaulted back, and provided with
similar dorsal fascicles of slender seta? as in H. *r/<<i. Cephalon about tlic
length of the 2 first segments of mesosome combined, front obtusely truncated,
the inferior corners evenly rounded. First pair of coxal plates rather
expanded distally, the succeeding pairs about as in IF. setosa. Last pair nt
epimeral plates of metasome not produced at the lateral corners, posterior
edge rather curved. First segment of urosome with a similar hump shaped
dorsal prominence as in H. se1s<i. Corneal lenses quite wanting. Antennae
much fhorter and stouter than in the preceding species, the peduncle of

196

superior ones not attaining even the length of the cephalon and the first 2
segments of mesosorae combined, and having the 2nd joint but little longer
than the 1st; last joint of the peduncle of the inferior ones shorter than the
penultimate. Grnathopoda with the propodos comparatively shorter than in
H. setosa, and in both pairs oblong oval in form. Last pair of pereiopoda
rather large, basal joint oblong quadrangular, somewhat broader at the base,
the deflexed lobe rather broad, obtusely truncated at the tip, and scarcely
reaching beyond the ischial joint: outer part of the leg about as in H. setx.
Last pair of uropoda with the inner ramus scarcely shorter than the outer,
and provided, in addition to the setae, with 3 strong denticles. Telson rounded
oval in form, somewhat longer than it is broad at the base, cleft extending
nearly to the base, and in its outer part bordered with slender bristles.
Colour not yet stated. Length of the specimen examined 19 mm.

Rennn'1-x. This new species is nearly allied to H. setosa, from which
it however differs, not only in its much larger size, but also in its more
robust form of body, in the evenly rounded lateral corners of the front, and
the much shorter and stouter antennae, and finally, in the non-produced last
pair of epimeral plates of metasome. It cannot be the H. Icevis of Hoeck
H. lineata Stuxberg), which species is much more nearly related to
H. ftdjif-vla, and, like this form, wholly wants the dorsal fascicles of setae.

Occurrence. I have only seen a single specimen of this form, which
was collected by me, many years ago, off the coast of Finmark, but was at
that time erroneously regarded as a large specimen of H